---

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA (APPELLATE DIVISION) In the matter between:

COMMISSIONER FOR INLAND REVENUE Appellant

and

MALCOMESS PROPERTIES (ISANDO) (PTY) LTD Respondent

CORAM: BOTHA, NESTADT, KUMLEBEN, JJA NICHOLAS, PREISS, AJJA

HEARD: 15 November 1990

DELIVERED: 30 November 1990

JUDGMENT NICHOLAS, AJA

2

On 27 August 1976, erf No 438 in Monteer Road in the township of Isando, Transvaal ("the Isando property") was sold by the then owner, Malcomess Properties (Isando)(Pty) Ltd to the Durban Corporation Superannuation Fund . The sale resulted in a net profit of R1 127 127, which the Commissioner for Inland Revenue, in his determination of the liability of Malcomess (Isando) (Pty) Ltd to normal tax for the year of assessment ended 31 March 1977, included in its income. An objection by the taxpayer was disallowed, and it appealed to the Transvaal Income Tax Special Court. That court, in which MARGO J presided, upheld the appeal and remitted the matter to the Commissioner for reassessment. The present appeal is against that order. The Commissioner for Inland Revenue will be referred to either as "the Commissioner" or "the appellant"; Malcomess Properties (Isando) (Pty) Ltd will be referred either as "Malcomess (Isando)" or "the taxpayer"; and Durban Corporation Superannuation Fund will be referred to as "Durcor".

The Isando property had been acquired in 1963 by

3

Malcomess Limited, which was described in the evidence as a "family company". Most of its members belonged to the Malcomess family. The business was founded in Kingwilliamstown in 1869, and it was incorporated as Malcomess (Pty) Ltd in 1924. On becoming a public company in 1961 it was named Malcomess Ltd, which became, after a reorganisation in 1968, Malcomess Holdings Ltd. (I shall refer, loosely, to the various Malcomess interests as "the Malcomess group.") The business of the Malcomess group was two-fold in nature: the distribution throughout South Africa of farming machinery and equipment; and a motor franchise business conducted mainly in the Eastern Province.

Over the years the Malcomess group acquired for the conduct of its business fixed properties in various places in South Africa. For a long time its headquarters were in East London, but in the 1950's its centre of operations was moved to the Transvaal. The Isando property was acquired in 1963 to serve as headquarters for the group. It was 2,8625 hectares in extent and was well-situated for the headquarters of the agricultural

4

machinery and equipment business: it had a railway siding, which provided access to the South African railway system; it was close to Jan Smuts airport which was convenient for the flying in and out of spares; and its proximity to Johannesburg facilitated its business operations, including the discounting of hire-purchase agreements. The Isando property, on which warehouses, sheds and an office building were erected, became the group's central spare parts warehouse and a significant stockholding area for farming machinery. Plainly it was a property of prime strategic importance in the operations of the Malcomess group.

During the reorganisation in 1968, Malcomess Ltd sold its agricultural machinery business to a newly incorporated, wholly-owned subsidiary named Malcomess Group Activities Ltd. Malcomess Ltd, being now a holding company and also owning the Malcomess properties, changed its name to Malcomess Holdings Ltd ("Malcomess Holdings"), upon which Malcomess Group Activities Ltd took the name of Malcomess Ltd in order that the goodwill of the

5

farming machinery business, which had operated under that name, should be preserved.
In 1969 and in pursuance of a scheme of arrangement sanctioned by the court, a merger took place between Malcomess Holdings and a company named O Bakke and Co (Pty) Ltd ("Bakke"). In consequence, Malcomess Holdings and Bakke became wholly owned subsidiaries of a company named Malcomess-Bakke Ltd (later changed to Malbak Ltd), which obtained a primary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange of the shares allotted and issued to the former shareholders of Malcomess Holdings and of Bakke in terms of the scheme of arrangement.

In order to facilitate the merger, the properties (including the Isando property) on which the business of the Malcomess group had been conducted, were excluded from the merger and were retained by the Malcomess family. It was nevertheless contemplated that the properties would be leased by the family to the Malbak group. To this end a new company, Malcomess Properties Ltd ("Malcomess Properties") was formed. Its shares

6

were held by the members of the Malcomess family who had previously held the shares in Malcomess Holdings. Each property was transferred to a separate company, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of Malcomess Properties. It was in thís way that the Isando property was acquired by Malcomess (Isando), which was incorporated on 24 March 1969. On 4 June 1969 a "master lease" covering all the properties was concluded between Malcomess Properties as lessor and Malcomess-Bakke Ltd as lessee. Subsequently the various subsidiaries concluded separate agreements of lease, one of which was between Malcomess (Isando) and Malcomess Ltd. After an initial period of 18 months until 30 September 1975, this lease was to continue in force indefinitely, but it might be cancelled by either party giving to the other not less than 18 months' written notice, which notice might not be given by the landlord to terminate the lease prior to 31 March 1984. The agreed rental was R74 000 per annum, which was subject to escalation at the rate of R8 000 per annum. By 1975 the shareholders in Malcomess Properties had

7

become disenchanted with their investment; rentals were low, and future dividends were likely to be reduced in real terms if inflation continued at its then current rate. At a meeting held on 23 August 1975, the board of directors agreed after a lengthy discussion that the company had limited long term prospects; furthermore, that it had no younger candidates of the Malcomess family who could take over control of the company after the departure of the present management; and that it was in the best interests of the company's shareholders to recommend voluntary liquidation of the company. Effect was given to this recommendation on 23 September 1975 when a special resolution was passed that in terms of s. 349 of the Companies Act 1973 the company be wound up voluntarily.

Appointed as liquidator at a remuneration of R3 000 per annum was Mr..Belcher, an East London accountant who had been an adviser to the Malcomess family for many years. His brief was to realise, subject to the instructions of the shareholders, all the assets of Malcomess Properties to best advantage.

8

The liquidator began negotiations for the sale of the properties owned by the separate companies, or of the shares in such companies. He approached the Mine Officials Pension Fund ahd the Durban Corporation Superannuation Fund with a view to a possible sale of the Isando property. (At that time the market was inactive and pension funds were about the only people investing in property.)
The Malbak Group was perturbed by these developments. Some of its companies operated from premises owned by Malcomess Properties, including the most important (Malcomess Ltd) which occupied the Isando property. An approach was made to Mr. Belcher in an effort to buy the properties which Malbak regarded as strategic, or to secure long-term tenure of them. (It had no interest in the properties which it did not occupy.) However,

Mr. Belcher's attitude was that he wanted if possible to sell all

the properties in one transaction, and that he would not allow Malbak to "pick the eyes" out of the portfolio, which would make it difficult for him to dispose of the properties which remained.

9

Malbak asked an expert, Mr. Harry Gottlieb, to examine the property portfolio owned by Malcomess Properties with a view to giving an opinion as to a fair price for its shares. That opinion was given on 3 May 1976. Mr. Gottlieb valued each of the properties leased to Malbak on the basis of a percentage return on a lease-back basis, having regard largely to the then current rentals. He valued the Isando property at R800 000, and valued the shares in Malcomess Properties at 82 cents per share.
In order to meet the situation a scheme was devised by Malbak for the acquisition of Malcomess Properties. It was embodied in a report to the board of directors of Malbak by Mr. G S Thomas, the group managing director. It stated that the management of Malcomess Properties valued that company at 111 cents per share. The majority of the properties occupied by Malbak were not subject to leases of sufficiently long duration to attract institutional investors without additional commítments from Malbak, and therefore the winding up of the company would of necessity be dragged out over a number of years. The

10.

indications were that a bid for Malcomess Properties of the order
of 90 cents per share would be likely to succeed. By working
together with an insurance company or pension fund, Malcomess
Properties and the Malbak group could negotiate a sale and lease-
back of the Isando property. R1 300 000 could be realised on the

sale, amounting to a net receipt of R1 235 000. The affairs
of the Malbak group could be structured in such a way that the
profit of R435 000 (R1 235 000 less R800 000 - as per the
Gottlieb valuation) would not be taxable. The following appears

from the minutes of a meeting of the directors of Malcomess Bakke
Ltd held on 3 June 1976

"1. Mr. G.S. Thomas submitted a proposal to the meeting in terms of which Malcomess-Bakke Limited could aquire the property companies of Malcomess Properties Limited (in voluntary liquidation), thereby obtaining security of tenure of certain strategic properties.

This proposal involved inter alia Malcomess-

Bakke Limited entering into a long lease on one of the properties.

It was agreed that:

11

The proposal as submitted be accepted and that Mr. G.S. Thomas be empowered to sign all necessary documentation relating to this proposal on behalf of the company."

At the start of the meeting, Mr. D.L. Keys, who was the chairman
of Malbak, "declared his interest in Malcomess Properties Ltd.,
being the holder of 279 000 shares in that company, and excused
himself from the proceedings." Mr. Keys gave evidence before the
Special Court, in the course of which he said that all the
negotiations between Malbak and Malcomess Properties were

conducted at arms' length. The former was represented by Mr.
Thomas and the latter by Mr. Belcher, who as liquidator acted in

the best interests of the company's shareholders. Mr. Thomas's

evidence also was that although there were some common

directorsMalcomess Properties and Malbak were operating totally

at arms' length.

The negotiations which followed were brought to

fruition in August 1976, when three interdependent agreements

were concluded.

12

On 23 August 1976 a written contract was concluded

between Malcomess Properties Ltd (in voluntary liquidation) and
Rushton Properties Ltd (which was wholly owned by Malbak). In
terms thereof Malcomess Properties sold to Rushton the entire

issued share capitals in "the companies" (which were 11 in number
and included Malcomess (Isando)) and the seller's claims on loan

account against the companies. Provision was made in clause 4

for the calculation of the purchase price "with a view to

ensuring that the shareholders of the seller receive 90 cents per

share ...". Clauses 2.1 and 2.3 provided

"2.1. This entire agreement is subject to the

fulfilment of the condition precedent that an offer to purchase the property belonging to Malcomess Isando is received, such offer to be:-

2.1.1. from a reasonably acceptable
insurance company or pension fund;

2.1.2. irrevocable until 14th August, 1976;
and

2.1.3.

2.3. Unless the condition precedent is fulfilled by not later than 14th August, 1976, the provisions of this agreement, ... shall be of no force or effect."

13

In terms of clause 3,

"3. Subject to the fulfilment of the condition precedent the seller hereby sells to thé purchaser with effect as from the effective date as one indivisible transaction:-

3.1 the shares; and

3.2 the seller's claims."

(The "effective date" was defined in clause 1.1.3 as being the

1st April 1976.) It was provided in clause 6 that on or before

"the completion date" (which was defined in clause 1.1.4 as being

the 29th September 1976) the seller would deliver to the

purchaser inter alia -

"6.1. certificates in respect of the shares

together with transfer forms in respect thereof duly signed as to transferor by the registered holders thereof and currently dated and duly witnessed;

6.2.	to the extent required by the purchaser, written resignations of those directors of the affected companies who are nominees of the seller;
6.3.	to the extent required by the purchaser written resignations of the public officers, and secretary of the affected companies;
6.4.	to the extent required by the purchaser a written undertaking of the auditors of the affected companies agreeing to resign when requested to do so by the purchaser;

1 4

6.5.	a resolution of directors, or shareholders, as the case may be, as required in terms of the articles of association of each of the affected companies, approving of the transfer of the shares as aforesaid;
6.6.	a resolution of directors of each of the affected companies appointing as directors nominees of the purchaser in substitution for those directors who resign pursuant to clause 6.2., and if there are no such resignations pursuant to clause 6.2. then appointing nominees of the purchaser in addition to the existing directors of the affected companies."

On 27 August 1976 Malcomess (Isando) sold the Isando property to Durcor for the sum of R1 500 000. The sale was subject to a lease of the property being concluded between Durcor and Malcomess-Bakke Ltd. (It may be noted that even before the Malbak scheme was devised, the liquidator had on his own initiative been negotiating with Durcor for the sale to it of the Isando property. The liquidator had in fact received an offer for the property which hé did not accept.)

On the same day there was executed a notarial deed of lease of the Isando property between Durcor and Malcomess-Bakke

15

Ltd. The lease was initially for a period of 20 years and provided for a right of pre-emption and a renewal option in favour of Malbak upon the termination thereof. The rental was to be calculated at the rate of 11% of the capital cost of the leased property with provision for escalation.
The agreement for the sale to Durcor of the Isando property is the transaction which is in issue in this appeal.
It is well-recognised that in considering whether receipts on the disposal of property are capital or revenue accruals, the intention with which the property was acquired is important, although the capital or revenue character of an asset can be altered by a change of intention. Such a change does not itself effect a change in the character of the asset. It is trite that an owner of land, or any other asset, is entitled to realise such asset to best advantage, and the fact that he does so, does not alter what is an investment of capital into a trade or business for earning profits. In John Bell & Co (Pty) Ltd v. Secretary for Inland Revenue, 1976(4) SA 415 (A), WESSELS JA said

16

at 429 C-D

"... the mere change of intention to dispose of an asset hitherto held as capital does not per se subject the resultant profit to tax. Something more is required in order to metamorphose the character of the asset and so render its proceeds gross income. For example, the taxpayer must already be trading in the same or similar kinds of assets, or he then and there starts some trade or business or embarks on some scheme for selling such assets for profit, and, in either case, the asset in question is taken into or used as his stock-in-trade."
It is common cause that when Malcomess (Isando)

acquired the Isando property in 1969 it intended to hold it as

a capital asset from which it would derive income by way of

rentals. That intention remained unchanged until September 1975

when the shareholders in the holding company, Isando Properties,

resolved that it be wound up and its assets (which included the

Isando property, held by its wholly-owned subsidiary Malcomess

(Isando)) be realised. The property was sold on 27 August

1976. In the interval between September 1975 and August 1976

nothing was done by Malcomess (Isando) to metamorphose the

character of the property. In Natal Estates Ltd v. Secretary for

17

Inland Revenue 1975(4) SA 177 (A) at 202 G-H, HOLMES JA remarked
that in deciding whether a case is one of realising a capital
asset or of carrying on a business or embarking upon a scheme of
selling land for profit, one must think one's way through all of
the particular facts of the case, and then, after setting out a
number of important considerations, said at 203 A:

"From the totality of the facts one enquires whether it can be said that the owner had crossed the Rubicon and gone over to the business, or embarked upon a scheme, of selling such land for profit, using the land as his stock-in-trade."

In the present case there are no facts at all which could lead

to an affirmative answer to such an enquiry. In the interval
Malcomess (Isando) did no more with the property than receive

rentals from it. It did not engage in a business of selling the

land, which in no wise could be regarded as its stock-in-trade.

It was not argued in this court, as it was argued,

unsuccessfully, in the Special Court, that before Malbak arrived

on the scene, the liquidator would have been content to sell the

property for R800 000, but that after Malbak arrived on the scene

18

and made its suggestions, the liquidator responded to the proposition resulting in the taxpayer selling the property for R1 500 000; and that this indicated a scheme aimed at profit-making by the realisation of the property. In rejecting that argument, Margo J said, correctly in my respectful opinion, that there "was not any change in the nature of the profit made by the sale of the ... property. It would remain a capital realisation whether ... it was sold for R800 000 or R1,5 million." (I should add that the change in the value of the Isando property from R800 000 on 3 May 1976, when this was Mr. Gottlieb's valuation, to R1 500 000 which was the amount Durcor agreed to pay for it on 27 August 1976, was not brought about byMalcomess (Isando). It was due solely to the fact that Malbak agreed to the termination of its existing lease with Malcomess (Isando) and to a sale to Durcor for R1 500 000 subject to a lease-back which would provide Durcor with an 11% net return on the purchase price.)

On tke face of it, therefore, the transaction was a

19

realisation of a capital asset, so that the profit was not liable to income tax.
It appears from the judgment of Margo J in the Special Court that it was urged for the Commissioner that the court should "take a bird's eye view of the whole set of circumstances which characterise the disposal of the property and which includes the disposal of the shares in [Malcomess(Isando)] by Malcomess Properties Limited in voluntary liquidation to Malbak Limited". Similarly it was argued in this court that the disposal to Durcor could not be considered in isolation, but must be viewed as part of the whole scheme devised by the Malbak group which, it was submitted, was "a scheme for selling the property for a profit": a close analysis of the facts demonstrated that "the scheme" as it evolved, aimed at profit-making and that Malbak had embarked upon a scheme of selling the property for a profit; Malbak's dominant intention was either tó own the property, or secure a long-term lease, but obviously it wished to make a profit from the acquisition

20

thereof.
The taxpayer disputed that the dominant purpose of the scheme was to make a profit: the real purpose, it was submitted, was to enable the Malbak Group to get security of tenure over the strategical properties.
It is not necessary for the purposes of this appeal to resolve this dispute: I shall assume without deciding that the intention of the Malbak scheme was that a profit should be made, for the benefit of Malbak, inter alia from the sale of the Isando property to Durcor.

That sale was it is true one facet of the entire scheme, but Malcomess (Isando) was not a party to that scheme. Malcomess Properties and Malbak operated at arms' length. AsMargo J observed in the judgment of the Special Court, it is

a relevant factor in the appeal that Malcomess Properties and its

subsidiaries on the one hand were entirely independent of Malbak and its subsidiaries on the other hand. Unless there was something more, the scheme was res inter alios acta so far as the

21

taxpayer was concerned and could not affect its position to its prejudice; and Malbak's intention or purpose in embarking upon it has no bearing on the question whether the taxpayer continued to hold the Isando property as a capital asset.
It was argued however that Malbak's intention to make a profit was attributable to the taxpayer because "its controlling mind at that point in time was in fact the Malbak Group", which "through Rushton, was in control of the taxpayer at the time the property was sold."

Reliance was placed on the statement in Secretary for Inland Revenue v. Trust Bank of Africa Ltd 1975(2) SA 652 (A) at 669 F, that the purpose for which a transaction was entered into can, in the case of a company, be proved, inter alia, by evidence as to the state of mind or intention of the persons in effective control of the affairs of the company; and on the dictum by CORBETT JA in Secretary for Inland Revenue v. Rile Investments (Pty) Ltd 1978(3) SA 732 (A) at 737 D:

"Where the taxpayer concerned is a company, which can

22

only think and act through the medium of living beings, then, depending on the circumstances, evidence of the state of mind or intention of the persons in effective control of the company may provide an important indication as to the intention of the company itself in relation to the matters in issue (Secretary for Inland Revenue v Trust Bank of Africa Ltd 1975(2) SA 652 (A) at 669). Moreover, account must be taken of changes in shareholding which cause control of the company to pass into new hands since the advent of new controllers may bring about a change in the intentions of the company (see eg Elandsheuwel Farming (Edms) Bpk v Sekretaris van Binnelandse Inkomste 1978(1) SA 101 (A))."
The rationale of the principle was discussed in Tesco

Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass [1971] UKHL 1; 1972 AC 153, where Lord Reid said at

170 E-F:

"I must first start by considering the nature of the personality which by a fiction the law attributes to a corporation. A living person has a mind which can have knowledge or intention or be negligent and he has hands to carry out his intentions. A corporation has none of these: it must act through living persons, though not always one or the same person. Then the person who acts is not speaking or acting for the company. He is acting as the company and his mind which directs his acts is the mind of the company. There is no question of the company being vicariously liable. He is not acting as a servant, representative, agent or delegate. He is an embodiment of the company or, one could say, he hears and speaks through the

23

persona of the company, within his appropriate sphere, and his mind is the mind of the company."

The learned lord was echoing what Viscount Haldane had said in
Lennard's Carrying Company Limited v. Asiatic Petroleum Company
Limited 1915 AC 705 at 713:

"My Lords, a corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind of its own any more than it has a body of its own; its active and directing will must conseguently be sought in the person of somebody who for some purposes may be cailed an agent, but who is really the directing mind and'will of the corporation, the very ego and centre of the personality of the corporation. That person may be under the direction of the shareholders in general meeting; that person may be the board of directors itself, or it may be, and in some companies it is so, that that person has an authority co-ordinate with the board of directors given to him under the articles of association, and is appointed by the general meeting of the company, and can only be removed by the general meeting of the company."

That passage was quoted and applied by Centlivres CJ in the

judgment of this court in Levy v. Central Mining and Investment

Corporation Ltd 1955(1) SA 141 (A) at 149-150, and cf. Anderson

Shipping (Pty) Ltd v. Guardian National Insurancew Co Ltd 1987(3)

SA 506 (A) at 515 H-I. In H L Bolton (Engineering). Co Ltd v. T

24

J Graham and Sons Ltd [1957]1 QB 159 (CA) at 172 Lord Denning

said that the position was made clear by Lord Haldane's speech

in the Lennard's Carrying Co case:

"A company may in many ways be likened to a human body. It has a brain and nerve centre which controls what it does. It also has hands which hold the tools and act in accordance with directions from the centre. Some of the people in the company are mere servants and agents who are nothing more than hands to do the work and cannot be said to represent the mind or will. Others are directors and managers who represent the directing mind and will of the company, and control what it does. The state of mind of these managers is the state of mind of the company and is treated by the law as such."
Counsel for the appellant submitted that on 23 August

1976 Malbak acquired all the issued shares in Malcomess (Isando)

and so acquired control of the company; and that the advent of

the new controllers brought about a change in its intentions.

He said that at the time the property was sold on 27 August 1976,

Malbak "already had executive control of the taxpayer", and it

was the intention of Malbak which determined the intention of the

taxpayer in entering into the transaction.

25

To this submission there are at least two answers.

The first is that the entire agreement of 23 August 1976 was subject to a condition precedent which was not fulfilled until the conclusion, on 27 August 1976, of the agreement between Malcomess (Isando) and Durcor for the sale of the Isando property, which agreement was itself subject to a lease being concluded between Durcor and Malcomess-Bakke Ltd, which was also entered into on 27 August 1976. It was submitted on behalf of the Commissioner that the condition was "a self-imposed one, designed to benefit the Malbak Group." That may be so, but it was not suggested that the condition was waived by Malbak. It was also submitted on behalf of the Commissioner that because the date of 14 August 1976 had already passed when the agreement was signed on 23 August 1976 the condition precedent could not apply and must be ignored. I do not agree. The sale of the Isando property was an essential part of the scheme, and the parties to the agreement of 23 August 1976 could not have contemplated that it should not be dependent on the conclusion of the sale. In my

26

view the solution to the problem is to regard as pro non scripto
clause 2.1.2 ("irrevocable until 14th August 1976") and the
words "by not later than 14th August, 1976" in clause 3, and that
otherwise the condition precedent remained.

The second answer is this. If Malbak did on 23 August

1976 acquire all the issued shares in Malcomess (Isando), it
might be said that it then had a controlling interest in
Malcomess (Isando). Compare the definition of "controlling

company" in s. 1 of the Companies Act 1973,

"controlling company means a company which directly or indirectly has power enabling it to control another company ..."

Even so, it would not have been able to exercise control until

there had been performance by Malcomess Properties on or before

the completion date of the undertakings given in clause 6 of the

earlier contract. And in any case, in the dicta quoted above,

"control" does not mean having the power to control the company

in the sense of holding the levers of power in the company. In

the context of ascertainment of the intention of the company, it

27

connotes the de facto control of what the company does, of its day-to-day activities, exercised by the persons through whom the company acts. That that is so, is clear from the dicta quoted above. It was not suggested to Mr. Thomas in cross-examination on behalf of the Commissioner, nor suggested by counsel in argument, that Malbak was in control of Malcomess (Isando) in that sense. On the contrary, there are in the record copies of two resolutions which show that it was not. One is a copy (certified to be correct by the liquidator) of a resolution passed at a meeting of the shareholders of Malcomess (Isando) held on 27 August 1976 approving and ratifying the agreement entered into on 27 August 1976 for the sale of the Isando property and authorising the directors of the company to give effect to the sale. The other is a copy of a resolution of the

directors passed on the same date that the company pass transfer

of the Isando property to the Durban Corporation Superannuation Fund.

In my opinion, therefore, Malbak's intention in

28

devising and executing the scheme was irrelevant to the intention of Malcomess (Isando) in regard to the Isando property. The conclusion of the Special Court was clearly right.
The appeal is dismissed with costs, including the costs of two counsel.

H C NICHOLAS, AJA

BOTHA, JA NESTADT, JA KUMLEBEN, JA Concur PREISS, AJA

---