SAFLII Note: Certain personal/private details of parties or witnesses have been redacted from this document in compliance with the law and SAFLII Policy	

THE COMPANIES TRIBUNAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
CASE NO:	CT001Jun2015

In the matter between:		
Christopher Panayiotou
(Identity number: [8......])
	            Applicant  	
And
Companies Intellectual and Property Commission                           	
  Respondent	
Coram: S. Gounden		
Decision handed down on: 	9 February 2016	

Decision

INTRODUCTION
[1]	The applicant “applied for” certain names. The application was for the reservation of certain names in terms of section 12 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (“Companies Act”/ “Act”). 
[2]	The Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (“CIPC”) refused the reservation of the names.
[3]	An application is now brought to the Companies Tribunal as a result of the refusal by the CIPC to reserve the particular names.

BACKGROUND
[4]	The applicant Christopher Panayiotou, is a natural person.

[5]	The applicant applied for the reservation of the name “Johannesburg School of Flying”. 

[6]	The reservation of the names was refused by the CIPC on 14 May 2015, on form COR9.5, due to the fact that comparative names exist.
[7]      An order was sought against the CIPC for registration of the name reservation and the CIPC was named as a respondent (regulation 142 (1)) and a copy of the application was served on the CIPC (regulation 142 (2) and (3)).

ISSUES
[8]	The applicant has applied to the Companies Tribunal on Form CTR 142 lodged on 1 June 2015 to “approve” the names “Johannesburg School of Flying”.
[9]     The applicant states that the comparative name “Johannesburg School of Flying (Maintenance)” that existed was owned by him and his late father, Orpheus Panayiotou.
[10]    The applicant further states that “Johannesburg School of Flying (Maintenance) CC was deregistered on the 21 May 2015”. 
[11]     The applicant claims that the business has been trading under the name and style of “Johannesburg School of Flying” for the past 34 years and the name is well known to the general public.

APPLICABLE LAW
[12]	Section 12 of the Companies Act reads as follows:
“12.   Reservation of name and defensive names. — (1)  A person may reserve one or more names to be used at a later time, either for a newly incorporated company, or as an amendment to the name of an existing company, by filing an application together with the prescribed fee.
(2)  The Commission must reserve each name as applied for in the name of the applicant, unless—
	(a)	the applicant is prohibited, in terms of section 11 (2) (a), from using the name as applied for; or
	(b)	the name as applied for is already reserved in terms of this section.
 (3)  If, upon reserving a name in terms of subsection (2), there are reasonable grounds for considering that the name may be inconsistent with the requirements of—
	(a)	section 11 (2) (b) or (c)—
	(i)	the Commission, by written notice, may require the applicant to serve a copy of the application and name reservation on any particular person, or class of persons, named in the notice, on the grounds that the person or persons may have an interest in the use of the name that has been reserved for the applicant; and
	(ii)	any person to whom a notice is required to be given in terms of subparagraph (i) may apply to the Companies Tribunal for a determination and order in terms of section 160; or…”
[13] 	Section 11 of the Companies Act, as far as it is relevant, provides as follows:
” Criteria for names of companies.— (1)  ...
(2)  The name of a company must—
		(a)	not be the same as—
	(i)	the name of another company, domesticated company, registered external company, close corporation or co-operative;
	(ii)	a name registered for the use of a person, other than the company itself or a person controlling the company, as a defensive name in terms of section 12 (9), as a business name in terms of the Business Names Act, 1960 (Act No. 27 of 1960), unless the registered user of that defensive name or business name has executed the necessary documents to transfer the registration in favour of the company;
	(iii)	a registered trade mark belonging to a person other than the company, or a mark in respect of which an application has been filed in the Republic for registration as a trade mark or a well-known trade mark as contemplated in section 35 of the Trade Marks Act, 1993 (Act No. 194 of 1993), unless the registered owner of that mark has consented in writing to the use of the mark as the name of the company; or
	(iv)	a mark, word or expression the use of which is restricted or protected in terms of the Merchandise Marks Act, 1941 (Act No. 17 of 1941), except to the extent permitted by or in terms of that Act;
	(b)	not be confusingly similar to a name, trade mark, mark, word or expression contemplated in paragraph (a) unless—
	(i)	in the case of names referred to in paragraph (a) (i), each company bearing any such similar name is a member of the same group of companies;
	(ii)	in the case of a company name similar to a defensive name or to a business name referred to in paragraph (a) (ii), the company, or a person who controls the company, is the registered owner of that defensive name or business name;
	(iii)	in the case of a name similar to a trade mark or mark referred to in paragraph (a) (iii), the company is the registered owner of the business name, trade mark, or mark, or is authorised by the registered owner to use it; or
	          (iv)	in the case of a name similar to a mark, word or expression referred to in paragraph (a) (iv), the use of that mark, word or expression by the company is permitted by or in terms of the Merchandise Marks Act, 1941…
            (c)           Not falsely imply or suggest to be such as would reasonably mislead a person to believe incorrectly, that the company or close corporation:
(i) 	is part of or associated with any other person or entity.”
[14]	Therefore, the Act provides that the CIPC must reserve the names applied for, except for names that are the same as existing names (section 12 (2) (a)).
[15]	In respect of names as in section 11 (2) (b) and (c), the CIPC however has other alternative names that are already registered. 
[16]	In the first instance the CIPC can refuse to reserve the name if it does not satisfy any of the requirements of s 11 (regulation 9 (3) (c) (i) of the Companies Regulations, 2011 in terms of section 223 of the Companies Act (“regulations”)).
[17]	In the second instance it must register the name but if there are reasonable grounds for considering that the name may be inconsistent with the requirements of section 11 (2) (b) or (c), it may require the applicant to serve a copy of the application and name reservation on any particular person, or class of persons, named in the notice, on the grounds that the person or persons may have an interest in the use of the name that has been reserved for the applicant and that person can apply to the Tribunal in terms of section 160 to determine if the name satisfies the requirements of the Act. The name is therefore reserved, but the Tribunal can give an order to cancel the reservation in terms of section 160 (3) (b) (i) (cc).
 [18]	The powers of the Companies Tribunal in respect of company names and, especially, contested name reservations, are provided for in section 160, which reads as follows:
“160.   Disputes concerning reservation or registration of company names.
(1)  A person to whom a notice is delivered in terms of this Act with respect to an application for reservation of a name, registration of a defensive name, application to transfer the reservation of a name or the registration of a defensive name, or the registration of a company’s name, or any other person with an interest in the name of a company, may apply to the Companies Tribunal in the prescribed manner and form for a determination whether the name, or the reservation, registration or use of the name, or the transfer of any such reservation or registration of a name, satisfies the requirements of this Act.
 (2)  An application in terms of subsection (1) may be made—
	(a)	within three months after the date of a notice contemplated in subsection (1), if the applicant received such a notice; or
	(b)	on good cause shown at any time after the date of the reservation or registration of the name that is the subject of the application, in any other case.
(3)  After considering an application made in terms of subsection (1), and any submissions by the applicant and any other person with an interest in the name or proposed name that is the subject of the application, the Companies Tribunal—
           …	(b)	may make an administrative order directing—
	(i)	the Commission to—
			(aa) 	reserve a contested name…”
[19]	The persons who can apply are therefore the person notified by the applicant in terms of section 12 (3) (a) (i) or any interested person, who can be the applicant or any person who has an interest in the name not being reserved, other than the person notified as above.

EVALUATION 
[20] 	In terms of section 12 (2) and (3) the CIPC must reserve the name and it can require the applicant to notify the interested person as in section 12 (3). 
[21]	It can also, in terms of regulation 9 (3) (c) outright refuse to register the reserved name.
[22]	The interested person referred to in section 12 (3) or any other interested person may then apply to the Companies Tribunal, where after the Tribunal can make an administrative order directing the CIPC to reserve the contested name.

FINDINGS
 [23]   The name “Johannesburg School of Flying”, that CIPC refused to reserve are confusingly similar  to registered companies with names “Johannesburg School of Flying (Maintenance)”, “Johannesburg Flying Academy” and “Johannesburg Light Plane Club” . 
 [24].  The applicant was a member of “Johannesburg School of Flying (Maintenance) CC” and the business has been trading under the name and style of “Johannesburg School of Flying” for the past 34 years.
                       [25]   The names “Johannesburg School of Flying” has been associated with the applicant and the name is well known to the general public. 

ORDER
[26]	The application is granted and the CIPC is hereby directed to reserve the contested name “Johannesburg School of Flying”. This must be effective within 90 days from the date of this ruling

	____________________	
	S. Gounden	
	MEMBER OF THE COMPANIES TRIBUNAL	
	9 February 2016