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Internet Resources

Anon >Sex workers want legality= news24.co.za 26 March 2001 [http://www.news24.co.za/News24/South_Africa/0,1113,2-7_1001806,00.html]

Anon >Policies on sex work and health produced by the Coordinating Centre of the European Network for HIV/STD Prevention in Prostitution, 1999. Why Now?= [http://www.hivnet.ch:8000/topics/sex-work/viewR?217]

Bastow K ‘Prostitution and HIV/AIDS’ HIV/AIDS Policy & Law Newsletter 1995 2:2 [http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/bastow-aidslaw.html]

Bindman J (with the participation of J Doezema) >Redefining prostitution as sex work on the international agenda= (1997) Network of Sex Projects [http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/redefining.html]

Broomby R ‘Berlin prostitution no longer immoral’ BBC News, 28 December 2000 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/English/world/Europe/newsid_1090000/1090523.stm]

COYOTE ‘Decriminalisation vs. Legalisation’ [http://www.freedomusa.org.coyotelaw/decrim.html]

Davis S (with Shaffer M) ‘Prostitution in Canada: the invisible menace or the menace of invisibility?’ (1994) [http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/]

European Network for HIV/STD Prevention in Prostitution ‘Policies on Sex Work and Health’1998-2000 [http://www.med.ic.ac.uk/divisions/60/europapnew/final/policies_sexwork.htm#Law and policy]

Francis C ‘German brothel given legal all-clear’ CNN.com, 28 December 2000 [http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/Europe/germany/12/28/prostitution.law]

Global Alliance Against Human Rights Standards for the Treatment of Traffic in Women Trafficked Persons (January 1999) [with the Foundation Against Trafficking in Women and the International Human Right Law Group] [http://www.inet.co.th/org/gaatw/SolidarityAction/SMR99.htm]

Human Rights Caucus Press Release: ‘UN Trafficking Protocol: Lost opportunity to protect the rights of trafficked persons’ (18 October 2000) [http://www.inet.co.th/org/gaatw/SolidarityAction/PressRelease.htm]

Human Rights Caucus ‘Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime’ [http://www.inet.co.th/org/gaatw/SolidarityAction/HRSLetter.htm]

Conference Papers and Other Unpublished Documents

Bernstein E ‘”Why can’t the US be like Sweden (or Holland) II”: Europe as social policy utopia’ Europe 2020: 12^th International Conference of Europeanists (2000)

Combrinck H ‘”Control and contain”: the legalisation of commercial sex work in South Africa’ Unpublished paper presented at Conference on Adult Commercial Sex Work (Cape Town, 4-5 May 2000)

Delany S ‘The legal status of adult sex work – why health services should work with the sex industry’ Unpublished paper presented at Conference on Adult Commercial Sex Work (Cape Town, 4-5 May 2000)

Gardner J ‘Legalisation/ regulation of adult commercial sex workers – indoor sex workers’ Unpublished paper presented at Conference on Adult Commercial Sex Work (Cape Town, 4-5 May 2000)

Gardner J ‘Legalisation / Regulation of Adult Commercial Sex Workers – Indoor Sex Workers’ Unpublished paper presented South African Conference on Commercial Sex Work: The Health Issues (Muldersdrift, 19 – 20 February 2001)

Jordan J ‘Prostitution: The Case for Law Reform’ Women’s Law Conference Papers (1993)

Malepe L ‘Adult commercial sex workers – decriminalization or regulation?’ Unpublished paper presented at Conference on Adult Commercial Sex Work (Cape Town, 4-5 May 2000)

Rakgoadi S ‘Sex work: decriminalisation’ Unpublished paper presented at Conference on Prevention and Eradication of Violence Against Women (Durban, March 1998)

Sloan J ‘Overview of issues affecting the adult commercial sex work industry’ Unpublished paper presented at Conference on Adult Commercial Sex Work (Cape Town, 4-5 May 2000)

Women’s Legal Centre Conference Report: Adult Commercial Sex Work - Decriminalisation or Regulation [Internet]

Research Reports and Research Papers

Allman D M is for Mutual A is for Acts : Male Sex Work and AIDS in Canada (1999) Ottawa: Health Canada; AIDS Vancouver; HIV Social, Behavioural and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Sex Workers Alliance of Vancouver

Banach L & S Metzenrath Principles for Model Sex Industry Legislation (2000) Joint Project of Scarlet Alliance & Australian Federation of AIDS Organizations

[http:www.afao.org.au/Sex_Ind.laws.pdf]

De Bruyn T HIV/AIDS and Discrimination: A Discussion Paper (1998) Montreal: Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network and Canadian AIDS Society

DeCarlo P, Alexander P and Hsu H ‘What are sex workers’ HIV prevention needs?’ Fact Sheet 19E Centre for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California (April 1996)

DECPRO Decriminalisation of Commercial Sex Work in South Africa – An Exploratory Survey (1997) Unpublished Research Paper produced by the Decriminalisation of Prostitution Network

Department of Health National HIV and Syphilis Sero-Prevalence Survey of Women Attending Public Antenatal Clinics in South Africa (2000)

[http:www.doh.gov.za/docs/reports/2000/hivreport.html]

Intergovernmental Committee on AIDS Final Report of the Legal Working Party (1992) [Australia]

International Committee for Prostitutes= Rights World Charter for Prostitutes= Rights First World Whores Congress, Amsterdam 1985

Jurgens R HIV Testing and Confidentiality: Final Report Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network & Canadian AIDS Society (2001)

[http:www.aidslaw.ca/Maincontent/issues/testing]

Kilvington J, Day S, Ward H Prostitution policy in Europe: a time of change? (April 2000)

Kinnell H & Praats J ‘Central Regional Report’ in Policies on Sex Work and Health Produced by the Coordinating Centre of the European Network for HIV/STD Prevention in Prostitution (2000)

Laffont M, Day S & Ward, H ‘HIV infection: screening, treatment and support’ in Final Report of the European Network for HIV/STD Prevention in Prostitution 1998-2000

Leggett T ODCCP Study on the Relationship between Drug Use and HIV in South Africa (2000) UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention

Levick M A Feminist Critique of the Prostitution / Sex Work Debate: Recommendations for Legislative Change in South Africa Unpublished LLM Dissertation, University of Cape Town (1996)

Mak RP ‘General Conclusions and Recommendations’ in Final Report EUROPAP [European Intervention Projects Aids Prevention For Prostitutes] (1994) [http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rmak/europap/rapfin.html]

MAP [Monitoring the AIDS Pandemic] The Status and Trends of the HIV/AIDS Epidemics in the World 5-7 July 2000 (provisional report)

Meerkotter A We Work with Our Bodies (Gender Project, SWEAT and Legal Resources Centre, In press).

Mensah MN Legal and Ethical Issues Raised by HIV/AIDS in the Context of Prostitution: Annotated Bibliography 2^nd ed (2000) Montréal: Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network

Ministry of Labour, Sweden Fact Sheet from the Swedish Government Offices: Violence Against Women Government Bill 1997/98:55 (September 1998)

Molo Songololo The Trafficking of Children for Purposes of Sexual Exploitation B South Africa (2000) Cape Town: Molo Songololo

Molo Songololo The Trafficking of Women into the South African Sex Industry (2000) Cape Town: Molo Songololo

Moyo S The prostitution question: with special reference to Zimbabwe (1991) Harare: Zimbabwe Institute of Development Studies

Overs C Technical Review: Prevention and the Commercial Sex Industry (November 2000) London: International HIV/AIDS Alliance

Pauw I & Brener L Identifying factors which increase risk of HIV infection and mitigate against sustained safer sex practices among street sex workers in Cape Town (1997) Medical Research Institute

Pehrson A and Jessen L ‘Northern Region Report’ in Policies on Sex Work and Health Produced by the Coordinating Centre of the European Network for HIV/STD Prevention in Prostitution (2000)

Posel D The Sex Market In The Inner City Of Durban Occasional Paper No 28 Economic Research Unit, University of Natal, Durban (1993)

Quirk K and DeCarlo P ‘What are women’s HIV prevention needs?’ Fact Sheet 4ER Centre for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California (April 1998)

Sangera J ‘In the belly of the beast: Sex trade, prostitution and globalisation’ Discussion Paper for South East Asia Regional Consultation on Prostitution, 17 – 18 February 1997, Bangkok, Thailand

Schurink W, I Liebenberg & E Schurink Memorandum to the Department of National Health and Population Development on Commercial Sex Work: A Study of Knowledge, Attitudes and General Sexual Behavioural Patterns / Practices among Prostitutes and Other Persons with regard to Sexuality and AIDS-related matters (1993) Pretoria: HSRC

September R et al Child Victims of Prostitution in the Western Cape (2000) Bellville: Institute for Child and Family Development, University of the Western Cape

Skramstad H Prostitute as metaphor in gender construction: a Gambian setting Chr Michelsen Institute, Bergen (Norway) December 1990

Task Team, Gauteng Province Decriminalisation of Sex Work: Final Report (1997)

White L Women=s domestic labour in colonial Kenya: prostitution in Nairobi, 1909-1950 Unpublished paper presented at the African Studies Center, Boston University on 24 April 1980 Working Papers No 30 African Studies Center

World Health Organization ‘Women and HIV/AIDS’ Fact Sheet No 242 (June 2000) [ http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact242.html]

Zettler S Needs assessment of the indoor sex working industry in the Cape Town area Unpublished report Cape Town: SWEAT (February 1999)

Journal Articles

Abdool Karim Q et al >Reducing the risk of HIV infection among South African sex workers: socioeconomic and gender barriers= American Journal of Public Health Vol 85 No 11 (1995) 1521 - 1525

Alexander P ‘Sex work and health: A question of safety in the workplace’ Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association Vol 53 No 2 (1998) 77-82

Almodovar NJ >For their own good: the results of the prostitution laws as enforced by cops, politicians and judges= Hastings Women=s Law Journal Vol 10 No 1 (1999) 119-133

Baldwin M >Split at the root: prostitution and feminist discourses of law reform= Yale Journal of Law and Feminism Vol 5: No 1 (1992) 47-120

Baldwin MA >@A million dollars and an apology@: prostitution and public benefit claims= Hastings Women=s Law Journal Vol 10 No 1 (1999) 189-224

Bernstein E >What=s wrong with prostitution? What=s right with sex work? Comparing markets in female sexual labor= Hastings Women=s Law Journal Vol 10 No 1 (1999) 91-117

Bingham N >Nevada sex trade: a gamble for the workers= Yale Journal of Law and Feminism Vol 10: No 1 (1998) 69-99

Boonchalaksi W & P Guest ‘Prostitution in Thailand’ in Lim (ed) The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Bases of Prostitution in Southeast Asia (1998) 130-169

Cameron E ‘Constitutional protection of sexual orientation and African conceptions of humanity’ South African Law Journal Vol 118 (2001) 642 – 650

Carter V and Giobbe E >Duet: prostitution, racism and feminist discourse= Hastings Women=s Law Journal Vol 10 No 1 (1999) 37-57

Chun S ‘An uncommon alliance: finding empowerment for exotic dancers through labor unions’ Hastings Women’s Law Journal (1999) 231-252

Doezema J ’Forced to choose: beyond the voluntary v. forced prostitution dichotomy’ in Kempadoo K and Doezema J (eds) Global Sex Workers (1998) 34-50

Doezema J >Loose women or lost women? The re-emergence of the myth of white slavery in contemporary discourses of trafficking in women= Gender Issues (Winter 2000) 23-50

Edwards M >Prostitutes: victims of law, social policy and organized crime= in P Carlen and A Worral (eds) Gender, Crime and Justice (1987) 43-56

Gallagher A ‘Human rights and the new UN Protocols on Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling: a preliminary analysis’ Human Rights Quarterly Vol 23 No 4 (2001) 975-1004

Godden L ‘The bounding of vice: Prostitution and planning law’ Griffith Law Review Vol 10 No 1 (2001) 77-98

Kraak G >The road less traveled: government and civil society join against HIV/AIDS in the trucking industry= Development Update 125-138

Lefler J >Shining the spotlight on johns: equal treatment of male customers and female prostitutes= Hastings Women=s Law Journal Vol 10 No 1 (1999) 11-35

Leggett T >The least formal sector: women in sex work= Crime and Conflict No 13 (1998) 21-24

Legget T >Poverty and sex work in Durban, South Africa= Society in Transition Vol 30(2) (1999) 157-167

Legget T >The sleazy hotel syndrome: housing vice in Durban and Johannesburg= Crime and Conflict No 18 (1999) 14-20

Leggett T >Sex workers in South Africa: worlds apart= Nedbank ISS Crime Index No 6 (2000) 25-28

Leigh C >A first hand look at the San Francisco Task Force Report on Prostitution= Hastings Women=s Law Journal Vol 10 No 1 (1999) 59-90

Le Rouz G >Sex workers making a future= Agenda

Marcus T, Oellermann K and Levin N >Aids and the highways: sex workers and truck drivers in KwaZulu-Natal= Indicator SA Vol 13 No 1 (Summer 1995) 80-84

Metzenrath S >Sexual servitude= National AIDS Bulletin Vol 12 No 4 (1999) 24-25

Milton J >Prostitution: current debates= in Jagwanth S, Schwikkard PJ and Grant B Women and the Law (1994) Pretoria: HSRC Publishers

Milton J >Unfair discrimination on the grounds of Agender, sexY [or] sexual orientation@. How the Sexual Offences Act 1957 does it all= SACJ 1997 (10) 297-302

Murray A ‘Debt-bondage and trafficking: don’t believe the hype’ in Kempadoo K & Doezema J (eds) Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance and Redefinition (1998) 51-68

Pauw I and Brener L >Naming the dangers of working on the street= Agenda No 36 (1997) 80-83

Petzer SA & Isaacs GM ‘SWEAT: The development and implementation of a sex worker advocacy and intervention program in post-apartheid South Africa (with specific reference to the western city of Cape Town)’ in Kempadoo K and Doezema J (eds) Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance and Redefinition (1998) 192-196

Ramjee G, Abdool Karim SS and Sturm AW >Sexually transmitted infections among sex workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa= Sexually Transmitted Diseases Vol 25 No 7 (August 1998) 346-349

Reanda L >Prostitution as a human rights question: problems and prospects of United Nations action= Human Rights Quarterly Vol 13 No 2 (May 1991) 202-228

Schwarzenbach Sybil >Contractarians and feminists debate prostitution= Review of Law and Social Change Vol XVIII (1990-1991) 103-130

Schurink W and Levinthal T >Business women exchanging sex for money: a descriptive study= South African Journal of Sociology 14(4) 1983 154-163

Schurink W and Ndabandaba LBG >Sex-for-money in Durban and adjacent residential areas: an exploratory study of some features of prostitution= Acta Criminologica Vol 4 No 2 (1991) 34-49

Snell J G ‘Mandatory HIV testing and prostitution: The world’s oldest profession and the world’s newest deadly disease’ Hastings Law Journal Vol 45 (1994) 1565-1592

St James M >Economic justice for sex workers= Hastings Women=s Law Journal Vol 10 No 1 (1999) 5-9

World Health Organization Statement on HIV Epidemiology and Prostitution (1989) reproduced in Alfredsson D and Tomasevski (eds) A Thematic Guide on Documents on Health and Human Rights Vol 2 The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 50-53

Wu A and Grossman L >Universal human rights must apply to all women: the challenge to sex workers in Asia= Global Fund for Women Newsletter: Raising Our Voices (July 2000) 12-13

BookS

Achilles R The regulation of prostitution: Background paper (1995) Ottawa: Canadian Public Health Association

Altink S Stolen Lives: Trading Women into Sex and Slavery (1995) London: Scarlet Press

Asia Watch and the Women=s Rights Project A Modern Form of Slavery: Trafficking of Burmese Women and Girls into Brothels in Thailand (1993) New York: Human Rights Watch

Balos B and Fellows ML Law and Violence Against Women: Cases and Materials on Systems of Oppression (1994) Durham: Carolina Academic Press

Bell S Reading, Writing, and Rewriting the Prostitute Body (1994)

Brock D Making Work, Making Trouble (1998) Toronto: University of Toronto Press

Burchell J & Milton J Principles of Criminal Law 2^nd ed (1997) Kenwyn: Juta & Co

Carlen P & Worrall A (eds) Gender, Crime and Justice (1987) Philadelphia: Open University Press

Department of Justice Gender Policy Statement: Balancing the Scales of Justice through Gender Equality 2^nd ed (May 1999)

Dirasse L The Commoditization of Female Sexuality: Prostitution and Socio-Economic Relations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (1991) New York: AMS Press

Downer L Geisha: The Secret History of a Vanishing World (2000) London: Headline Book Publishing

Dworkin A Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War Against Women (1997) New York: Virago Press

Gevisser M & Cameron E (eds) Defiant Desire: Gay and Lesbian Lives in South Africa (1994) Braamfontein: Ravan Press

Hoffmann LH & Zeffert D The South African Law of Evidence 4^th ed (1988) Durban: Butterworths

Human Rights Watch / Asia Owed Justice: Thai Women Trafficked into Debt Bondage in Japan (2000) New York: Human Rights Watch

Jenness V Making It Work: The Prostitutes’ Rights Movement in Perspective (1993) New York: Aldine De Gruyter

Kempadoo K and Doezema J (eds) Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance, and Redefinition (1998) New York: Routledge

Leggett T Rainbow Vice: The Drugs and Sex Industries in the New South Africa (2001) London: Zed Books

Lim LL (ed) The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Bases of Prostitution in Southeast Asia (1998) Geneva: International Labour Office

McGinn TAJ Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (1998) New York: Oxford University Press

Milton JRL & Cowling MG South African Criminal Law and Procedure Vol III: Statutory Offences 2^nd ed (1988) Revised 1999 Cape Town: Juta & Co

O’Connell Davidson J Prostitution, Power and Freedom (1998) Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press

Pomeroy, Sarah B Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity (1975) London: Robert Hale and Co

Sanger, William W The History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes and Effects throughout the World (1913) New York: The Medical Publishing Company

Schwikkard PJ, Skeen A St Q, Van der Merwe SA Principles of Evidence (1997) Kenwyn: Juta and Co

Skrobanek S, Boonpakdi N, Janthakeero C The Traffic in Women: Human Realities of the International Sex Trade (1997) London: Zed Books

Snyman CR Criminal Law 3^rd ed (1995) Durban: Butterworths

Wijers M & Lap-Chew L Trafficking in Women: Forced Labour and Slavery-Like Practices in Marriage Domestic Labour and Prostitution (1997) Utrecht: Foundation Against Trafficking in Women

SA Law Commission Publications

Issue Paper No 10 (Project 108) Sexual Offences Against Children (1997)

Issue Paper No 13 (Project 110) Review of the Child Care Act (1997)

Working Paper 85 (Project 85) Aspects of the Law relating to AIDS (1995)

Discussion Paper 84 (Project 85) Aspects of the law relating to AIDS: Compulsory HIV Testing of Persons Arrested in Sexual Offence Cases (1999)

Discussion Paper 85 (Project 107) Sexual Offences: The Substantive Law (1999)

Discussion Paper 102 (Project 107) Sexual Offences (2001)

Discussion Paper 103 (Project 110) Review of the Child Care Act (2001)

Fourth Interim Report (Project 85) Aspects of the Law relating to AIDS: Compulsory HIV Testing in Persons Arrested for Sexual Offences (2000)

Fifth Interim Report (Project 85) Aspects of the Law relating to AIDS: The Need for A

Statutory Offence Aimed at Harmful HIV-Related Behaviour (2001)

UN Documents

Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others [GA Res 317(IV) of 2 December 1949, U.N. Doc A/1251 (1949)]

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women [Adopted 18 December 1979, G.A. Res. 34/180, U.N. GAOR, 34^th Sess., Supp No 46, U.N. Doc A/34/35 (1980) (entered into force 3 September 1981)]

African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Adopted June 27, 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force Oct. 21, 1986]

CEDAW General Recommendation No 19 [U.N. GAOR, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, 11^th Sess., at 1, U.N. Doc CEDAW/ C/1992/ L.1/ Add.15 (1992)]

Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women [U.N. GAOR, 48^th Sess., Art 1, U.N. Doc A/Res/48/104 (1994)

Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action [U.N. GAOR, U.N. Doc A/Conf.177/20 (1995) (recommended to the UN General Assembly by the Committee on the Status of Women on 7 October 1995)]

Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy Addendum: Report on the mission of the Special Rapporteur to Poland on the issue of trafficking and forced prostitution of women (24 May to 1 June 1996) [E/CN.4/1997/47/Add.1 (10 December 1996)]

Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women,its causes and consequences, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy [E/CN.4/1997/47 (12 February 1997)]

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court [U.N. Doc A/Conf. 183/9 (opened for signature on 17 July 1998)]

Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (Eighteenth and nineteenth sessions) GAOR, 53^th Sess., Supp 38, U.N. Doc A/53/38/ Rev.1 Part 2 (21 August 1998)

Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy, on trafficking in women, women’s migration and violence against women E/CN.4/2000/68 (29 February 2000)

Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime [U.N. Doc A/55/383 (2000), opened for signature 12 December 2000]

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime [U.N. Doc A/55/383 (2000), Annex II]

Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime on the work of its first to eleventh sessions: Addendum - Interpretative notes for the official records (travaux preparatoires) of the negotiation of the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto [A/55/383/Add 1 (3 November 2000)]

Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms Radhika Coomaraswamy, on trafficking in women, women=s migration and violence against women, submitted in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1997/44 UN E/CN.4/2000/68 dated 29 February 2000

Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms Radhika Coomaraswamy, submitted in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1997/44 Addendum: Economic and social policy and its impact on violence against women [UN E/=CN.4/2000/68/Add.5 dated 24 February 2000]

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South African Law Commission