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Last Updated: 8 June 2005
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
OF SOUTH AFRICA
REPORTABLE
CASE NO 431/03
In the matter between
SA BANK OF ATHENS LIMITED
Appellant
and
MAY VAN ZYL
Respondent
_____________________________________________________________________
CORAM: MPATI AP, FARLAM, MTHIYANE, VAN HEERDEN JJA et ERASMUS AJA
_____________________________________________________________________
Date Heard: 22 November 2004
Delivered: 21 February 2005
Summary: Summary judgment – order not sustainable where facts not fully canvassed in part due to the acceptance by both parties and the court a quo of the correctness of a High Court judgment subsequently found by the SCA to be incorrect. Parate executie not per se invalid – not in conflict with section 34 of the Constitution.
_____________________________________________________________________
J U D G M E N T
_____________________________________________________________________
AR ERASMUS AJA
AR ERASMUS AJA
[1] The
adjudication of this appeal requires consideration of the proceedings in the
court a quo viewed against the backdrop of developments in our law
regarding the right of a creditor to realise the property of its debtor without
first
obtaining the sanction of the court. This type of extra-judicial
execution is known in Roman Dutch law as parate executie. The vehicle
that brings the question of the validity of that procedure before this court is
the appeal against an order of summary
judgment issued in the Johannesburg High
Court against the appellant in favour of the respondent. (I refer to the parties
as in the
action proceedings and, where convenient, to the defendant as
‘the bank’.)
[2] In her particulars of claim, the plaintiff
narrates the circumstances which she avers gave rise to her instituting the
action
against the defendant. These are briefly as follows. While in a
vulnerable psychological condition after the death of her husband,
she was
inveigled by Mr L C Joubert (‘Joubert’), an insurance representative
and ‘financial advisor’ in the
employ of an insurance company
(‘Sanlam’), into investing money in a trust in which members of his
family had interest.
Without her knowledge, she was made a trustee of the
trust. During October 1998 the defendant bank instituted action in the
magistrate’s
court against the plaintiff for payment of R75 525,08 in
respect of amounts allegedly owing by the trust on its cheque account.
She was
cited in her representative capacity together with the other trustees, as well
as in her personal capacity, on the basis
of a deed of suretyship allegedly
signed by her in favour of the bank. The plaintiff entered appearance to defend
and, when the
bank thereupon applied for summary judgment, she filed an
affidavit resisting the application. Therein she deposed as follows.
Early in
1998 Joubert requested her to sign certain documentation in connection with the
business of the trust. She accompanied
him to the bank where she found
documents spread on a table. She signed these without reading their contents.
She had no idea what
she was signing. The nature of the documents was never
explained to her. In particular, she was unaware that she was signing a
deed of
suretyship. She denied ever having the intention of binding herself to such a
contract. Her affidavit was received by the
defendant’s attorneys on 23
November 1998. We were informed that the summary judgment application had not
yet been finalised.
[3] After setting out the above historical
background, the plaintiff proceeded to formulate her claim. She alleged that,
while the
opposed summary judgment application was pending in the
magistrate’s court, the defendant, acting without court sanction,
called
up and retained the proceeds of four investment policies held by her with
Sanlam, as follows:
3 November 1998: R 91 768,06
3 November
1998 41 175,38
29 December 1998 48 170,14
29 December
1998 25 793,42
Total R206 907,00
[4] The
plaintiff averred that the defendant had purported to act in terms of parate
executie clauses contained in deeds of cession (of which she had no
knowledge) whereby she had allegedly ceded the policies to the bank as
security
for the trust’s alleged indebtedness. It was her case that those clauses
were in conflict with s 34 of the Constitution¹
and therefore invalid,
which meant that the defendant, in effecting parate execution of the
policies, had unlawfully taken the law into its own hands. She claimed that the
defendant was therefore obliged
by law to pay her the amount of R206
907.00.
[5] The defendant defended the action. The subsequent
application for summary judgment was resisted on an affidavit of an advances
manager of the bank. The deponent stated that on or about 26 March 1998 the
plaintiff ceded the four policies in favour of the defendant.
She averred that
‘from the aforesaid documents of cession and as a result of the
Plaintiff’s indebtedness to the Defendant,
the Defendant was entitled to
obtain payment in respect of the policies from SANLAM’. She stated that
at the time the defendant
was in possession of the relevant policies. She
intimated that full legal argument would be presented to the court at the
hearing
of the
application.
______________________________________________________________
1. The
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996
[6] In his
judgment, delivered on 28 February 2002, the learned judge (Spilg AJ) set out
the history of the dispute between the parties.
As to the defendant’s
dealings with the policies, he stated that the position in regard to the first
two policies was unclear,
but that at the time of the realisation of the last
two investments in December 1998 the defendant was well aware of the
plaintiff’s
defence as disclosed in the magistrate’s court
proceedings. He expressed strong disapproval of the defendant’s
actions:
‘At the outset I find it difficult to use restrained language in describing the bank’s conduct, particularly as it is conduct of a financial institution. Suffice that its conduct on the papers before me is disgraceful and for this reason I consider it appropriate that investigations be conducted into the matter by appropriate authorities.’
[7] The legal argument adumbrated in
the defendant’s answering affidavit (para [5] above) proved to be the
submission that
the defendant had, through the cessions in securitatem
debiti, acquired ‘out and out’ ownership of the policies, which
entitled it to deal with them at its will. The court a quo rejected the
contention. (The point was not pursued at the hearing of the appeal and the
merits thereof need not concern us.) Spilg
AJ pointed out that since security
is accessory to the main debt, it follows that until the existence of a disputed
underlying obligation
is determined by a court, the security cannot be realised
and the cessionary who executes parate prior to such determination takes
the law into its own hands.
[8] The plaintiff did not attach copies
of the deeds of cession to her particulars of claim. She in fact claimed to
have no knowledge
of these documents. Copies of the four cession agreements
are, however, attached to the defendant’s answering affidavit.
They are
identically worded. The relevant provision in each reads as follows:
‘I hereby appoint you irrevocably and in rem suam as my attorney and agent to apply for the surrender, to realise or otherwise deal with the policy in your absolute discretion in the event of my failure to pay any amount which I may owe or in which I may be or become indebted to you and to apply the proceeds of such surrender, realisation or other dealing to my aforesaid debt ...’.
[9] Spilg AJ accepted the
plaintiff’s contention that the clause was contra bonos
mores and therefore invalid in that it constituted ‘a classic
parate executie provision’. He stated that an agreement that
allows a person to be the arbiter of the fact whether a debt is owing by another
without due process of law and which denies access to the courts, offends the
provisions of s 34 of the Constitution (para [11] below).
He referred to
Chief Lesapo v North West Agricultural Bank 2001 (1) SA 409 (CC);
First National Bank of SA Ltd v Land and Agricultural Bank of SA 2000 (3) SA 626 (CC) and the application of those decisions in Findevco (Pty) Ltd v
Faceformat SA (Pty) Ltd 2001 (1) SA 251 (E)). He accordingly held that the
defendant’s actions in realising the plaintiff’s investments (para
[3] above) was invalid, which meant that there was no bona fide defence to the
plaintiff’s claim recognised by law and that
she was therefore entitled to
summary judgment.
[10] Parate execution has long been acceptable under
the common law (Osry v Hirsch, Loubser & Co Ltd 1922 CPD 531 at 541
– 547), provided that the terms of the agreement authorising the procedure
are not unconscionable or incompatible
with public policy (Sasfin (Pty) Ltd v
Beukes 1989 (1) SA 1 (A) at 13J–14A), for example (a) entitling the
creditor to determine the fact of the debtor’s default,
or (b)
authorising the creditor to seize the debtor’s property without the
court’s imprimatur (Nino Bonino v De Lange 1905 TS 119 at
124).
[11] The core principle of the common law that no person is
entitled to take the law into its own hands – now no longer inhibited
by
statutory exception – is expressed as a fundamental right in s 34 of the
Constitution:
‘Everyone has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of law decided in a fair public hearing before a court or, where appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or forum.’
The Constitutional Court, in applying this
section in Lesapo, declared that a statutory provison that permitted a
creditor to seize a defaulting debtor’s property, and to sell it in
defrayal of the debt, without recourse to a court of law,² was
unconstitutional and invalid - notwithstanding the fact that
there was no
dispute as to the debtor’s default. In Findevco, the Eastern Cape
High Court relied on that decision in declaring invalid a clause in a general
notarial bond that authorised the
creditor to take possession of the
debtor’s movable property and to dispose thereof in satisfaction of the
debt. The learned
judge reasoned from the general to the particular, as
follows: legislation authorising parate executie is unconstitutional,
therefore the common law cannot
countenance such a stipulation in a
contract; consequently the stipulation in
2. Section 38(2) of the North
West Agricultural Bank Act 14 of 1981
the particular provision authorising
parate execution was unconstitutional. The judge, in dealing with
counsel’s submission that the court should confirm the rule in that
the
respondent did not oppose the application and the applicant was not seeking to
by-pass the courts, stated (at 256H-I):
‘All these submissions, in my view, beg the question. If the clause in the bond which purports to allow the sale of the movable property is valid and not disputed, there is no issue between the parties which needs to be determined by me. If, however, the clause in the bond is invalid (as I consider it is), then it cannot logically be validated by asking the Court to ignore its constitutional invalidity and give effect to it.’
[12] That then, broadly speaking, was the position in the case
law when the plaintiff on 29 November 2001 instituted the present action
against
the defendant. Counsel for the defendant informed us that the particulars of
claim (which he settled) were drafted on the
basis of the law as stated in
Findevco. (This is reflected in the particulars of claim.) He informed
the court, further, that at the hearing of the application for summary
judgment,
the parties – as well as the court – accepted that the law was
settled on that basis. (This is reflected in
the defendant’s answering
affidavit, as well as in the judgment of the court a quo in its finding
in favour of the plaintiff.) The defendant’s application for leave to
appeal was refused, but its petition
for leave to appeal to this Court was
granted. The grounds of appeal were directed at the rejection by the court a
quo of the contention upon which the defendant had relied at the hearing of
the summary judgment application (para [7] above). That
court’s
unqualified acceptance of the outright constitutional invalidity of parate
executie (as per Findevco) was not challenged in the notice of
appeal.
[13] In the meantime it appeared that Findevco was not the
last word on the validity of parate executie. Susan Scott in
‘Summary Execution Clauses in Pledge and Perfecting Clauses in Notarial
Bonds’ 2002 (65) THRHR 656- 664 was the first to question the
correctness of the decision (as far as I am aware). It is not necessary here to
deal with
the arguments raised by the learned author, as the issue was
thereafter addressed by this court in Bock v Duburoro Investments (Pty) Ltd
2004 (2) SA 242 (SCA). The judgment did not turn on the validity of
parate execution clauses, but as the constitutionality of the procedure
had been the main point of argument before the court, Harms JA was
led
to state (para 13):
‘... I find it difficult to extend the proscription of these statutory provisions by the Constitutional Court to parate executie of movables which are lawfully in the possession of the creditor. This procedure does not authorise a creditor to bypass the courts and “seize and sell the debtor’s property of which the debtor was in lawful and undisturbed possession”. It does not entitle the creditor “to take the law into his or her hands”. It does not permit “the seizure of property against the will of a debtor in possession of such property”. And since the debtor may seek the protection of the court if, on any just ground, he can show that, in carrying out the agreement and effecting a sale, the creditor acted in a manner which prejudiced him in his rights, the creditor cannot be said to be the judge in his own cause.’ (Footnotes not included.)
He added (para 15) that it followed that the judgment in
Findevco, finding that the law relating to parate executie of
movables is unconstitutional, was wrong.
[14] In Juglal NO v Shoprite
Checkers (Pty) Ltd 2004 (5) SA 248 (SCA) this court upheld the validity of a
notarial covering bond which entitled the creditor, in the event of default
on
the part of the debtor, to take possession of the debtor’s business and
assets as security for the debt, to sell the assets
and to apply the proceeds in
settlement of the debt. The court a quo had granted the creditor an
order perfecting its security. The judge (Hurt J) had expressly declined to
follow Findevco. Heher JA (speaking in this court in the subsequent
appeal) commented (para 9) that the refusal was justified by the decision in
Bock. Hurt J had further stated:
‘In summary, the common law, insofar as stipulations for parate execution are concerned, is that stipulations, which are not so far-reaching as to be contrary to public policy, are valid and enforceable; that, as a matter of practice, creditors seeking to enforce such stipulations take the precaution of applying for judicial sanction before doing so; and that the debtor can avail himself of the court’s assistance in order to protect himself against prejudice at the hands of the creditor.’
Heher JA commented that this exposition seemed to him to be a correct summary of the present state of the common law, with the one qualification that the ‘matter of practice’ referred to by the judge was in fact a constitutional requirement. He declared (para 11) that the common law (as stated above) does not limit the right of access to the courts. ‘Nor’, he added, ‘does it fall short of the spirit, purport or the objects of the Bill of Rights’. He continued thus (para 12):
‘Because the courts will conclude that contractual provisions are contrary to public policy only when that is their clear effect (see the authorities cited in Sasfin (Pty) Ltd v Beukes 1989 (1) SA 1 (A) at 8C-9G) it follows that the tendency of a proposed transaction towards such a conflict (Eastwood v Shepstone 1902 TS 294 at 302) can only be found to exist if there is a probability that unconscionable, immoral or illegal conduct will result from the implementation of the provisions according to their tenor. (It may be that the cumulative effect of implementation of provisions not individually objectionable may disclose such a tendency.) If, however, a contractual provision is capable of implementation in a manner that is against public policy but the tenor of the provision is neutral then the offending tendency is absent. In such event the creditor who implements the contract in a manner which is unconscionable, illegal or immoral will find that a court refuses to give effect to his conduct but the contract itself will stand. ‘
The court considered the facts of the matter in the light of
this statement of the law and dismissed the appeal.
[15] Notwithstanding
what was said in the Bock and Juglal judgments, counsel for the
plaintiff bravely contended that Findevco was correctly decided and
should be upheld. He submitted that the dictum of Harms JA to the contrary was
clearly wrong, and was
in any event delivered obiter. I am, however,
unpersuaded that parate execution is per se unconstitutional or
offensive to public policy. I find that the court a quo erred in holding
that the deeds of cession allowed the bank to be the arbiter of the fact whether
the debt was owing (compare: Senwes Ltd v Muller 2002 (4) SA 134
(T)). The cession agreements do not expressly authorise such action on the part
of the bank, nor is this objectionable
feature of parate execution
implicit in the stipulations. Nor do the particular clauses purport to allow the
bank to by-pass the courts in a dispute
regarding the existence or validity of
the cession agreements.
[16] It does not follow, however, that
because the provisions in the cession agreements allowing for parate
execution are valid, the defendant’s actions in purported reliance
thereon were lawful. The severe censure by Spilg AJ of
the bank’s conduct
(para [6] above) may well prove to be justified. Counsel for the defendant
submitted, however, that the
judge was not entitled to make those findings on
the papers before the court. She pointed out that the court based its judgment
on factual averments in the plaintiff’s particulars of claim, not on
evidence. It is true that the averments were not challenged
in the
defendant’s answering affidavit and that usually in summary judgment
proceedings that would be taken as admission of
those allegations. The present
matter is however not usual. The proceedings in the court a quo were
from their commencement to their conclusion misdirected by the mistaken
acceptance by the parties and the court of the correctness
of the judgment in
Findevco. On that decision, the plaintiff’s averment that
parate executie is invalid per se, could not be gainsaid on any
grounds of law or fact. Perhaps the defendant should have answered the averments
in the particulars
of claim relating to its conduct. Counsel for the defendant
was constrained to concede that the affidavit resisting summary judgment
‘is unfortunately not as comprehensive as it should have been’.
The affidavit, however, was not directed at justifying
the defendant’s
parate execution of the plaintiff’s property, but was designed to
accommodate the legal argument which was presented on behalf of the
defendant in
the court a quo, but which was not persisted with at the hearing
of the appeal (para [7] above). In the circumstances, the
defendant’s failure to present its case fully and properly in the
answering affidavit
is to some extent understandable. The determination of the
lawfulness of the defendant’s conduct requires a value judgement
which can
properly be made only upon consideration of all the relevant facts and attendant
circumstances. These were not before
the court a quo. Summary judgment
is a drastic remedy granted only where the defendant has no bona fide defence.
It would be unfair and therefore
improper to leave standing a summary judgment
which was given without consideration of all the relevant facts and
circumstances,
where those facts were not placed before the court by the
defendant due to its misunderstanding of the law (a misunderstanding shared
by
the plaintiff and the court) apparently occasioned by its acceptance of the
correctness of a judgment of the High Court subsequently
held by this court to
be incorrect.
[17] Counsel for the defendant contended, further, that the
particulars of claim are excipiable in that the plaintiff failed to make
out a
case for the damages which she claimed from the defendant. (This point was not
raised in the court a quo, nor is it covered by the grounds of appeal.)
Counsel for the plaintiff countered by contending that the action was not one
for
damages, but was based on the actio ad exhibendum. He advanced the
contention for the first time while on his feet in this court. It was not dealt
with by the court a quo. It was not canvassed in the heads of
argument and was certainly not fully argued in this court. I am therefore
reluctant to make
a finding on the question. It is, moreover, not necessary for
me to do so in view of my earlier conclusions (para [16] above).
[18] The
court’s reasons for allowing the appeal, viewed in the historical context
of the proceedings, materially affect the
question of the costs of the appeal.
The proceedings, from their inception in the court a quo and up to the
portals of this court, turned on the legal effect of the parate
executie clauses in the cession agreements (para [7] above). The real
issues were identified only during the argument of the appeal in this
court. It
appears that the focus of the dispute is not the constitutional validity of
parate executie clauses (which has been settled in Bock and
Juglal), but the lawfulness of the appellant’s actions in the
purported execution of those provisions of the deeds of cession.
However, the appeal succeeds not because of the appellant’s
explanation of its actions, but despite its failure to set out the
relevant facts and circumstances in its affidavit opposing summary judgment
(para [16] above). In these
special circumstances, it is fair and therefore
proper that the court depart from the usual practice of ordering that costs
follow
the event. The parties share the blame for the misdirection of the
proceedings and the costs order should reflect that circumstance.
[19] After judgment was reserved in this appeal, the appellant brought
an application for an order that two documents contained in
the papers be struck
from the record. Although these documents were referred to at the hearing of
the appeal, they have had no effect
on my decision. There is therefore no need
to delay further the delivery of the judgment pending the outcome of the
application.
[20] In the result, the appeal succeeds, with no
order being made as to costs of appeal. The order of the court a quo is
set aside and the following order is substituted therefore:
‘1. The application for summary judgment is refused.
2. The defendant is granted leave to defend.
3. The costs of the application for summary judgment are to be costs in the action.’
AR ERASMUS
ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL
CONCUR:
MPATI AP
FARLAM JA
MTHIYANE JA
VAN HEERDEN
JA
SAFLII:
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.RTF of original document