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Thompson v Scholtz (167/96) [1998] ZASCA 87; 1999 (1) SA 232 (SCA); [1998] 4 All SA 526 (A) (28 September 1998)

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
Case No: 167/96
In the matter between:
WILLIAM ROLAND THOMPSON  Appellant
and     
JOHANNES NICOLAAS SCHOLTZ        Respondent
CORAM :  Van Heerden, DCJ, Smalberger, Nienaber, Zulman, DA,
Melunsky, AJA
HEARD:   21 August 1998
DELIVERED: 28 September 1998
JUDGMENT
NIENABER JA

2 NIENABER JA:
The appellant, plaintiff in the court below, sold what was essentially a stock
farm in the Beaufort West area together with certain livestock to the respondent,
defendant in the court below, for Rl ,1m. I shall refer to the parties as the plaintiff
and the defendant respectively. The farm, Springfontein, 8 500 hectares in extent,
was sold to the defendant as a going concern. On it there is a farmhouse. In terms
of the written agreement of sale the plaintiff was obliged to give the defendant
occupation ("besit") of the entire farm on 1 May 1992. On that date he had
vacated the farm but not the farmhouse. The defendant nevertheless took over the
stock and all the farming operations for his own account. Because the plaintiff
continued to occupy the farmhouse the defendant was compelled to reside on
another farm, Inverurie, some 12 kilometres distant, where he also farmed. The
plaintiff only vacated Springfontein on 10 October 1992. By that time registration
of transfer of the property into the defendant's name had already been effected

3 against payment of the purchase price. This occurred on 18 September 1992. By
10 October 1992 the purchaser had accordingly received both transfer and full
occupation and the seller had received the full purchase price.
But there was a problem. It related to the payment of occupational interest.
Clause 3 of the deed of sale provided as follows:

"3. (a) Besit van die eiendom sal aan die Koper gegee word op 1 Mei 1992, vanaf welke datum die risiko verbonde aan die eiendom op die Koper sal oorgaan;
(b)    
die Koper sal op versoek van die Verkoper se prokureurs 'n pro rata gedeelte van die belastings en diensgelde betaalbaar ten opsigte van die eiendom, gereken vanaf die datum van besit, betaal;
(c)    
die Koper sal ook besitrente gereken teen 12,5% (twaalf komma vyf persent) per jaar vanaf die datum van besit tot die datum wat die voile koopprys betaal word, betaal, maandeliks agteruit betaalbaar op die koopprys, vanaf 1 Mei 1992 tot datum van betaling van die koopprys."
The defendant refused to pay occupational interest in terms of clause 3(c). On 9
September 1992, while the plaintiff was still residing at Springfontein and before

4 transfer had been registered, the plaintiff caused action to be instituted against the

defendant for payment of occupational interest calculated at the rate of 12,5% per annum on the full purchase price. (There was some dispute initially about the date from which and the date to which the calculation of the occupational interest should refer but these may now be taken to be 1 May 1992 and 18 September 1992 respectively. This amount, calculated by the trial court and not challenged on appeal, is R52 325.) The defendant filed his plea on 23 March 1993, that is, after the plaintiff had finally vacated the farmhouse and after the defendant and his family had moved from Inverurie to Springfontein.
The defendant's defence was the so-called exceptio non adimpleti contractus ("the exceptio"). It is a defence entitling a party from whom performance is demanded to withhold it until the party demanding performance has rendered or tendered his own performance; it arises where performance and counter-performance are contractually dovetailed and the party demanding performance

5 is to render his own performance either in advance of or in conjunction with
performance from the other side. (Cf BK Tooling (Edms)Bpk v Scope Precision
Enigineering(Edms) Bpk 1979 (1) SA 391 (A) ("BK Tooling"); Dalinga
Beleggings (Pty)Ltd v Antina (Pty) Ltd 1979 (2) SA 56 (A); Motor Racing
Enterprises (Pty) Ltd (in liquidation) v N P S (Electronic)Ltd 1996 (4) SA 950
(A).) As such it is a stalemate defence to a claim ex contractu and not a remedy
for breach of contract; indeed, it will frequently be available to a contracting party
where no breach of contract has been committed by his opposite number, for
instance, where a contract of sale is silent as to the date for payment and delivery,
no interpellatio has been given by either side, and the seller claims payment from
the purchaser (or vice versa) without delivery (or payment) having been tendered.
Occupational interest is the return which the seller of immovable property
earns by permitting his purchaser, pending payment, to occupy the property sold
(cf Sidali v Mpolongwana 1990 (4)SA(4) SA 212 (C) 216E; Dawnford Investments CC

6 and Another v Schuurman 1994(2)SA412(N)418F-G). Clearly there is,in such
a case, reciprocity between the seller's obligation to give occupation and the
purchaser's obligation to pay occupational interest. If the plaintiff had retained
occupation of the entire farm the defendant would accordingly have been entitled,
for as long as he did so, to refuse to pay any occupational interest. But of course,
the plaintiff did not withhold occupation of the whole farm; he gave the defendant
occupation but it was incomplete or partial occupation. In BK Tooling this court
held that a defendant, faced with a claim ex contractu, is entitled to invoke the
exceptio even against a plaintiff whose performance, if not exact, was nonetheless
substantial - although, in an appropriate case and subject to appropriate proof, an
adjustment in the contract price might in the exercise of its discretion have to be
made by the court to avoid injustice where a defendant, who had neither rejected
the defective performance nor cancelled the contract, had taken advantage of a
plaintiffs partially defective or incomplete performance (at 414B-C; 427A; 434A-

7 D; 434H - 435A). The decision is discussed in greater detail later in this
judgment.

It was on that very basis (that the defendant was entitled to raise the exceptio to the plaintiffs claim for occupational interest and that the plaintiff was at best entitled to only a portion of his claim) that the matter was approached in both courts below and in this court.
Before the trial court (Burger AJ sitting in the Cape Provincial Division) both parties achieved some success. Four of the defendant's six counterclaims succeeded. It is not for present purposes necessary to dwell on them. In addition the trial court held, with reference to BK Tooling and in favour of the defendant, that the exceptio was available to him as a substantive defence to the plaintiffs claim for occupational interest; at the same time the court also held, this time in favour of the plaintiff, that he was nonetheless entitled to some occupational interest. The court reduced the amount which it calculated to be due to the

8
plaintiff as occupational interest in terms of the contract by deducting the
additional travelling expenses which the defendant had incurred during the period he was prevented from occupying the farmhouse at Springfontein and was obliged to reside some 12 kilometres away at Inverurie. The additional travelling expenses, so it was held, was the only pecuniary loss the defendant suffered as a result of not having the use of the farmhouse at Springfontein. That was calculated to be Rl 866 - 81 days at 24 kilometres per day at 96c per kilometre. Taking that figure into account the trial court awarded the plaintiff R50 459 by way of occupational interest. The trial court thus deducted from the sum which would have been due to the plaintiff had he performed in full, the sum it considered due to the defendant because he had not performed in full.
The defendant thereupon appealed to the full court of the Cape Provincial Division. The appeal succeeded. The judgment is reported: Scholtz v Thompson 1996 (2) SA 409 (C). The court (per Brand, J) held, again with reference to BK

9 Tooling, and like the trial court had, that the exceptio was a good defence to the
plaintiffs claim for occupational interest; but, unlike the trial court, it denied the
plaintiff reduced occupational interest because, so it was held, the plaintiff had
failed to discharge the onus of proving what it would have cost to remedy the
shortfall in his own performance (i.e. his failure to vacate the farmhouse). Proof
by the defendant of the expenses he incurred in travelling to and from
Springfontein differed so fundamentally from proof of the amount required to
bring the defective performance into order that it could not be commandeered by
the plaintiff so the court a quo determined (at 416F-417G), to plug a perceived
gap in his own case.
The trial court had found:
"... there is no doubt that defendant, although deprived of the use of the house, made full use of the farm and, as I have indicated before, that is quite overwhelmingly the most important aspect. It is far more important to farm on the farm than to occupy the farmhouse."

10 This finding was not challenged before the court a quo (or, for that matter, in this
court). Even so the court a quo found that on a literal application of the BK
Tooling formula (of which more later) it was unable to grant the plaintiff any
relief. The appeal was accordingly upheld with costs and the trial court's award
of R50 459 was altered to one of absolution from the instance. In addition the
court a quo restored the defendant's first counterclaim for consequential damages
for additional travelling expenses which, before the trial court, was in effect
subsumed into the reduced award of occupational interest made to the plaintiff
The amount granted on appeal was Rl 129, calculated on the basis of 49 additional
return trips from Inverurie to Springfontein at 24 kilometres per return trip at 96c
per kilometre. There is no appeal against this finding.
Three reasons were initially advanced on behalf of the plaintiff in support
of his appeal in this court: 1) Given that the benefits accruing to the defendant in
terms of the contract (the commercial exploitation of the farm) so comprehensively

11
outweighed the shortcomings in the plaintiffs performance (the failure to vacate the farmhouse), the maxim de minimis non curat lex applied and the exceptio accordingly did not (BK Tooling 420A, 432G; Motor Racing Enterprises (Pty) Ltd (in liquidation) v NPS (Electronics) Ltd, supra, 964G-H). 2) Alternatively, and given that the defendant utilised the plaintiff's incomplete performance to the full and conducted farming operations on the plaintiffs farm for his own account during the entire period while the farmhouse was withheld from him, this is par excellence the sort of case where the court ought to exercise its discretion in favour of the plaintiff by relaxing the strict requirements of the exceptio. 3) Sufficient material had moreover been placed before the trial court to enable it to quantify the cost of remedying the shortfall in the plaintiffs performance. To these three grounds the plaintiff added a fourth, based on the decision Arnold v Viljoen 1954 (3) SA 322 (C), which was advanced late in the argument and which will be discussed later in this judgment.

12
Contrary to the plaintiffs first submission the de minimis principle cannot
save or assist him. It pertains to the breach or to its consequences. The trial court referred to the plaintiff's failure to give the defendant possession of the house at Springfontein as " ... the only real or substantial impediment to the defendant's possession ... of the farm Springfontein after 1 May 1992"; an impediment which is described as "real or substantial" cannot be dismissed as being "trifling" (cf Hitchins v Breslin 1913 TPD 677, 683). Both courts below awarded the defendant consequential damages for the plaintiff's breach in failing to vacate the house on the farm; a breach for which damages in excess of Rl 000 are awarded can likewise not be termed trivial.
Both courts below appeared to proceed on the supposition that everything said in BK Tooling was directly and precisely applicable to the facts of this case. The defendant in BK Tooling instructed the plaintiff to do certain work in accordance with certain specifications; part of the plaintiff's work did not comply

13 with the specifications; the defendant nevertheless accepted and utilised the work
so done but when sued for the remuneration refused to pay for it. This court
decided that the defendant was liable for the contract price minus the cost of
remedying the defective work.
Basic to the judgment are two major premises or propositions. I shall henceforth refer to them throughout as the first and the second proposition in BK Tooling respectively.
The first is that the exceptio is available as a defence to a party ("the defendant") from whom performance is demanded by the other contracting party ("the plaintiff) whose own reciprocal performance has not been rendered precisely or in full; the exceptio accordingly applies even if the defect in the plaintiffs performance (short of being de minimis) is not so serious as to justify its rejection or the cancellation of the contract by the defendant.
This conclusion constitutes (at 436G-437H) a deliberate rejection of the

14 approach advocated by De Wet & Van Wyk (Die Suid-Afrikaanse Kontraktereg
& Handelsreg, now in its 5th ed., vol. 1, 200-201; and cf Van der Merwe, et al,
Contract, General Principles 283) that when the plaintiff has performed
substantially the exceptio will not be open to the defendant, who must then content

himself with a claim for damages for the shortfall in the plaintiffs performance. Implicit in the first proposition is the notion that a plaintiff is precluded from recovering any remuneration if his performance falls short of perfection, even when the defendant, notwithstanding its shortcomings, accepts and utilises it. The second proposition in BK Tooling takes account of that eventuality. The second proposition is that the first proposition cannot be applied without qualification; the qualification is that there is a corrective; and the corrective is that where the shortcoming in the plaintiff's performance is capable of being restored (or "cured") the court has a discretion, if fairness so dictates, of allowing the plaintiff his contractual remuneration - but minus the cost of restoring his

15 defective work to the required contractual standard. The plaintiffs claim, so it is
postulated, is one ex contractu for the contract price less the cost of the cure and
not one based on enrichment. By contrast to the approach based on substantial
performance the defendant is not required to formulate a claim for damages. The
ball, so to speak, is in the plaintiffs court. It is for the plaintiff, when suing for
payment, to show firstly, that the circumstances of the case justify a departure
from the first proposition and secondly, to prove the costs of the cure. This
approach has profound and obvious implications in respect of the pleadings, the
onus and the evidence which is to be produced in legal proceedings.
It is fundamental to the second proposition that the shortfall in the plaintiffs performance firstly, must be capable of being fully restored to contractual standard and secondly, that the cost of doing so must be capable of being quantified.
Restoration can take place either by way of substituted performance or by

16
way of a monetary award for the cost thereof. It is for the plaintiff to calculate and
prove the cost of restoring the defective work. At the end of the exercise, once the plaintiff has remedied the defective performance either by substitution or by an adjustment to the "contract price", the position is viewed as if the plaintiff had performed in full. The aggrieved party in effect would have received his full contractual due, partly specie, partly in money, and consequently becomes liable in return to perform his side of the bargain.
The contract with which BK Tooling was concerned was one of locatio conductio operis (a product of work against payment) where the locator's performance was defective. The present case is different. The obligation of the seller to allow the purchaser to occupy the property pending payment pari passu with registration of transfer was a continuing one. Its breach, committed when the plaintiff did not vacate the farmhouse, was likewise a continuing one. It endured for as long as occupancy of the farmhouse was withheld from the defendant. That

17 being so the breach in this instance, unlike the breach in BK Tooling, could not be
retroactively restored or "cured". A monetary payment could function as
compensation for the defendant's consequential loss but ex cnfesso it could never
serve as a substitute for the loss of occupation suffered by the defendant during the
period he was deprived of the occupation of the farmhouse. On a literal
application of the second proposition in BK Tooling the plaintiff could therefore
never reach the juncture where, by means of substituted performance or a
supplementary payment, he could claim the agreed counter-performance, i.e.
occupational interest minus an amount computed to complement the defect in his
performance. 1 return to the point later in this judgment.
Before the hearing of the appeal counsel for both parties were invited to
address this court on whether the excepto remained available to the defendant
after the plaintiff had given him full possession of the farm on 10 October 1992.
This was before the defendant filed his plea in which the exceptio was first raised.

18 The question posed was whether the breach was no longer one of defective
performance but had become one of mere late performance; and if so, whether
such breach, the defendant having accepted the late performance, was not in any
event fully accommodated in the defendant's first counterclaim for consequential
damages (cf Dominion Earthworks (Pty) Ltd v M J Greef Electrical Contractors
(Pty) Ltd 1970 (1) SA 228 (A)).
Both counsel thereupon filed additional heads of argument and both
appeared to be in agreement that the point raised might have been good if the
contract had been one of locatio conductio operis; but because it involved a
continuing obligation the exceptio in principle remained available to the
defendant. The exceptio in the case of locati conductio operis is a means of
resisting what is in essence a premature demand for counter-performance by a
party who is himself in arrears with his own reciprocal performance. As soon as
he performs the defendant's "weerhoudingsreg" (BK Tooling, 415H; 418F; 419A-

19 D; 420F) falls away. But here, as counsel for the defendant rightly pointed out,
the defendant's duty to pay occupational interest was not hinged simply on the
plaintiffs duty to give occupation of the farm; it was hinged on the plaintiffs
duty to allow the defendant to remain in occupation of the entire farm during the
entire period concerned. By vacating the farmhouse in October 1992 the plaintiff
had not expunged his breach which had commenced in May. During that entire
period the defendant was deprived of full occupation and since occupational
interest is payable for occupation the belated evacuation of the house could not,
in line with the first proposition in BK Tooling, frustrate the defendant's reliance
on the exceptio. The giving of complete occupation on 10 October 1992 did not
and could not cure the incomplete occupation during the earlier period. But of
course that does not meet the real point in the case. This was not, after all, a case
where no occupation was given for only part of a stipulated period; this was a case
where only part of the occupation was given for the entire stipulated period. The

20 real point is whether the plaintiff was entitled in those circumstances to claim a
reduced remuneration in line with the second proposition in BK Tooling.
Counsel for the defendant submitted that it was not open to the plaintiff to
rely on the second proposition in BK Tooling since the matter was neither pleaded
as such nor canvassed in evidence. It is true that the plaintiff in his amended
particulars of claim, while admitting that he only vacated the farmhouse in October
1992, nonetheless insisted on payment of occupational interest in full. He relied
on an oral agreement entitling him to remain in occupation of the farmhouse until
the end of 1992. That being so he did not in the alternative ask for a reduction in
the occupational interest la BK Tooling. What he did ask for in the alternative
was for an award based on unjust enrichment because "... Defendant had the
beneficial use and occupation of the said property, while Plaintiff was during that
period, deprived of such use and occupation". The plaintiff's evidence in support
of the alleged oral agreement was not accepted by the trial court and his claim

21 based on enrichment was not seriously pursued. Nevertheless the pleadings did
serve to alert the defendant to the crux of the case namely, whether the plaintiff
was entitled to any occupational interest in the light of his admission that he only
vacated the farmhouse after 18 September 1992. Much of the evidence was
directed at the circumstances surrounding that issue. The defendant's defence to
that claim consisted of a denial of the alleged oral agreement and a consequent
reliance on the first proposition in BK Tooling. The reliance on that proposition
in BK Tooling necessarily portended a reliance on the second proposition thereof.
The defendant could not have been taken by surprise that the plaintiff resorted to
it once his evidence of an oral agreement was rejected. In my view and contrary
to the submission of the defendant, the plaintiff is accordingly not precluded from
doing so on appeal.
There are two main reasons why the second proposition in BK Tooling
(designed to cater for defective performance in a locatio conductio operis situation

22
and presupposing a breach that can be fully restored) may operate less than
satisfactorily when it is sought to apply it strictly to defective performance of an obligation of a continuing nature. The one reason has been referred to above. It is that the breach, being likewise of a continuing nature, cannot be "cured" after the event, either in kind or in money. The other reason, a related one, is that it will often be impossible to assess the cost of restoring or "curing" the defect in the plaintiff's continuing malperformance. Take as an example this analogous case. The plaintiff's obligation is to give the defendant the use of his (the plaintiff's) house, containing two bathrooms, for a certain period at a certain remuneration. At the agreed date of delivery one of the bathrooms, used as a storeroom by the plaintiff, remains locked. It remains so locked either for the entire period or for a part thereof. The defendant, although registering his complaint, chooses not to cancel the agreement. Is the plaintiff entitled to claim the agreed sum? On the strength of the first proposition in BK Tooling clearly not. But how, on the

23 strength of the second proposition in BK Tooling, is the amount of remuneration
to be reduced? There simply is no measure by means of which the "cost of the
cure" can be assessed. Very much the same position, I believe, applies in the case
under consideration. What the plaintiff had to provide was the farm. That
included the farmhouse. That performance, as a matter of interpretation of the
contract of sale, was obviously indivisible. The use of the farmhouse cannot be
severed from the use of the farm as a whole in order to accord it a separate
commercial value. It cannot be separately valued because it is not a separate
entity. Nor can its value be determined by valuing the farm as a whole (including
the farmhouse) and comparing it to the value of the farm without a similar
farmhouse. The value of the farmhouse as a fraction of the value of the farm is in
truth irrelevant because what is to be determined, for the purpose of the exercise,
is not the value of the farmhouse but the value of its use, expressed as a fraction
of the agreed occupational interest (which incidentally included R100 000 for the

24 movables) and by which the occupational interest is then supposed to be reduced.
The occupational interest in turn is related not to the use of the property sold but
to the purchase price, which is again related to the value of the property and not
to its temporary use. The court a quo said this (at 417H-I of the reported
judgment):

"Since respondent admittedly produced no evidence whatsoever to establish the objective value of his defective performance, I find the question as to what evidence would suffice to be somewhat academic. Presumably he could, as suggested by Mr Rogers, produce evidence to establish the fair and reasonable value of the occupation of a farmhouse such as the one in question, which could then be deducted from the agreed occupational interest for the farm as a whole, ie including the farmhouse."
That, with respect, begs the question. A realistic standard of comparison for the
use of a farmhouse on an extensive farm in the middle of the Karoo on a short term
basis simply does not exist. The defendant's own witness, Van der Merwe, an
experienced local attorney, said as much. However, I do agree with the court a

25 quo (at 417A-H) that the value of the use of the farmhouse is not represented by
the consequential loss suffered by the defendant, which is the subject matter of his
first counterclaim. In short, absent a scale of comparison, the second proposition
in BK Tooling on the facts of this case is incapable of application. Unless a
solution can be found elsewhere any attempt to apply it would of necessity mean
that anyone situated as was the plaintiff in this case would be left without a
remedy. I believe there is a solution. It must be sought in the analogous case of
remission of rent in a lease of land. Lease of land is analogous to the facts of this
case because in both instances an agreed remuneration is payable by the one party
for the temporary use of another's property.
Before turning to remission of rent it is necessary to refer to a series of cases
commencing with Arnold v Viljoen 1954 (3) SA 322 (C) which also deal with
leases of land. These cases, cited below, were garnered by counsel for the plaintiff
in support of a contention that the defendant in the present case is in the same

26
position as was the tenant in each of those cases. The cases suggested that the
tenant was liable to pay the full rental when the merx was defective but he remained in occupation and that such tenant then had to be satisfied with a counterclaim for damages.
These cases all deal with defects in the quality of the merx and not, as in the present case, with incomplete performance subsequently completed.
The facts in Arnold v Viljoen, supra, greatly simplified, were that premises were leased to a tenant to be used by him as a residential hotel or boarding-house. The lease was for five years, commencing on 1 November 1952. The rental was payable monthly in advance. The tenant, having taken occupation in November 1952, failed to pay the rental for January and February 1954. On 22 February 1954 he vacated the property on the ground (accepted for the purpose of the case to be correct) that it was not in a tenantable condition at the commencement of the lease. His stance was that he was not liable for the rental for January and February

27 1954 because he enjoyed no beneficial occupation of the leased premises. The
court held against him. Dealing with the landlord's contention that the lessee
remained liable, subject to a counterclaim for damages, for the payment of the full
rental for January and a proportionate share thereof for February, the court at
329H-330C said the following:
"For the latter proposition he depended on the case of Sapro v. Schlinkman, 1948 (2) S.A. 637 (A.D.), where the Court, after a full consideration of the authorities, held that even where the lessor had committed a breach of the contract of lease going to the root thereof the lessee was bound to pay the rent for the period during which he remained in undisturbed possession of the leased premises. The obligation was to pay rent as such and not to make a payment on the basis of a quantum meruit.
On the basis of this authority, respondent is clearly liable for the rent for January and a proportionate share thereof for February, saving always his claim for whatever damages he may prove to have suffered by reason of any breach of contract. Mr. Charles sought to distinguish Sapro's case on the ground that in that case the tenant had had undisturbed possession of the leased premises in respect to the period for which he was being sued for rent, whereas here, since the premises were not fit for the conduct of a boarding house therein, he had no beneficial occupation. I think the test for

28
the tenant's liability for rent is whether he was in occupation or in possession of the leased premises and not whether such occupation or possession was beneficial or not."
And at 331G-332B it was stated:
"I come now to deal with the applicability to this case of the principle enunciated in Hauman v. Nortje, 1914 A.D. 293, viz. that as a general principle a party cannot call upon the other party to perform his contract without himself having performed or being ready to perform his part of the contract. That this principle is applicable to agreements where a plaintiff's right to performance is conditional on re-performance by him of a reciprocal obligation is not in dispute. But on the other hand this principle does not apply to all agreements in which each party undertakes obligations towards the other... Now on the present contract respondent, who had possession of the leased premises, the furniture and the goodwill since the inception of the contract until its cancellation on the 22™* February, cannot claim that despite this he is not obliged to pay his rent because applicant has failed to fulfil his part of the contract by not handing over the premises in a tenantable state of repair. He is obliged to pay the rent but can in turn claim damages. I do not consider that respondent has any greater right to refuse to fulfil his obligation to pay an instalment of the purchase price which became due and payable before he rescinded, simply because the premises were not in a tenantable state of repair."

29
The ratio appears to be this: although the premises were untenantable the
lessee did not cancel the lease; accordingly he had occupation (i.e. possession) of the premises during January 1954 and until he vacated them on 22 February 1954; until he quit the premises the tenant was not entitled to either withhold payment of the rental or claim a reduction thereof; his remedy was to counterclaim for damages or to rely, where appropriate, on set-off; because he quit the premises on 22 February 1954 he was liable for only a proportional part of the rental for that month.
Arnold's case was followed in a number of others, most notably, Marcuse v Cash Wholesalers (Pty) Ltd 1962 (1) SA 705 (FC); Bourbon-Leftley v Turner 1963 (2) SA 104 (C); Appliance Hire (Natal)(Pty) Ltd v Natal Fruit Juices (Pty) Ltd 1974 (2) SA 287 (D); Basinghall Investments (Pty) Ltd v Figure Beauty Clinics (SA) (Pty) Ltd 1976 (3) SA 112 (W) 121F; Greenberg v Meds Veterinary Laboratories (Pty) Ltd 1977 (2) SA 277 (T), and Parekh v Shah Jehan Cinemas

30 (Pty) Ltd and Others 1980 (1) SA 301 (D) 310G-H.
This line of cases has attracted criticism, both judicial and academic. (Cf Steynberg v Kruger 1981 (3) SA 473 (0); Ntshiqa v Andreas Supermarket (Pty) Ltd 1997 (3) SA 60 (TK SC); Cooper, Landlord and Tenant, 2nd edition 102-107 and 164; De Wet & Van Wyk, supra 359, 366; 14 LAWSA para 14(5; Piek & Klein, 1983 (46) THRHR 367.)
The thrust of the criticism is that the court erred in holding that the tenant, despite not having received beneficial occupation, first had to quit before he was entitled to refuse to pay rental or, by implication, to claim a remission thereof; and that the authority relied on (Sapro v Schlinkman, 1948 (2) SA 637 (A)) does not, upon proper analysis, support the principle laid down.
I am inclined to agree. To award the landlord the full rental when he failed to give his tenant full occupation is to offend against the first proposition in BK Tooling; and to deny the tenant a reduction of rental pro rata to his diminished

31 enjoyment of the merx is to offend against all authority sanctioning a remissio
mercedis when the landlord is in breach of the lease. All the same I find it
unnecessary to express a conclusive view on the controversy since it arises only
obliquely in this case. The contract under discussion is not, after all, a contract of
lease proper and, despite its obvious similarities to lease, is not on all fours with
it. To the extent that the plaintiff seeks to rely on Arnold v Viljoen, supra, as
categorical authority for a contention that the plaintiff in this case is entitled to
occupational interest in full and that the defendant is confined to a counterclaim
for damages, the contention cannot be sustained.
Remissio mercedis is a remedy of some antiquity. (Cf Grotius 3.19.12;
Pothier,Letting and Hiring, par 139-140; 150; and the authorities collected in
Bodenstein, Huur van Huizen en Landen volgens het Hedendaagsch Romeinsch-
Hollandsch Recht, 45-49 and Piek & Klein, supra, 376-379.) Where a lessee is
deprived of or disturbed in the use or enjoyment of leased property to which he

32 is entitled in terms of the lease, either in whole or in part, he can in appropriate
circumstances be relieved of the obligation to pay rental, either in whole or in
part; the court may abate the rental due by him pro rata to his own reduced
enjoyment of the merx. This is true not only where the interference with the
lessee's enjoyment of the leased property is the result of vis major or casas
fortuitus but also where it is due to the lessor's breach of contract e.g. because the
leased property is not fit for the purpose for which it was leased or, as in this case,
because the performance rendered by the lessor is incomplete or partial. (See the
cases cited by Piek & Klein, supra, 380 footnote 112.) The lessee would be
entirely absolved from the obligation to pay rental if he were deprived of or did
not receive any usage whatsoever. That would simply be a manifestation of the
exceptio, more particularly of the first proposition in BK Toolig (cf Fourie NO
en 'n Ander v Potgietersusse Stadsraad 1987 (2) SA 921 (A)).
The second proposition in BK Tooling does not fit so readily into the

33
scheme of things where the interference with the tenant's use of the leased property
is only partial or temporary. And the reason for that, as stated earlier, is twofold. The first reason is that the obligation and hence its breach is a continuing one: the aggrieved tenant can be paid out for the losses he may have suffered or the duration of lease may perhaps be extended to compensate for time lost in the past, but the use and enjoyment he lost during the period when his occupation was impaired or disturbed simply cannot be restored or reinstated by a supplementary payment. The second reason is the near impossibility of a mathematical calculation of the "cost of restoration". The cost of repair, being an objective standard, is in any event inapposite. What is to be measured in order to scale down the rental is the tenant's reduced enjoyment or utilisation of the leased property. Subjective factors which are peculiar to the tenant and which have no pertinence to the cost of repair must inevitably be incorporated into the equation. Yet a rigid application of the second proposition in BK Tooling requires that an exercise be done to

34 calculate the cost of repair to be deducted and if it should prove not to be possible
to do so, it would follow that the second proposition in BK Tooling cannot be
applied. It was for precisely that reason that the court a quo was driven to the
conclusion that the plaintiff in this case did not prove a contractual claim even
though the defendant enjoyed the use of the farm for four and a half months. (For
a similar line of reasoning, compare Ntshiqa v Andreas Supermarket (Pty) Ltd,
supra, at 68A-E).
In the case of a lease proper the matter is never approached along the lines
of the second proposition in BK Tooling. Where the interference with the lessee's
enjoyment was only partial or temporary it is not the law that the landlord is
enjoined to prove the cost to correct or supplement any defects or deficiencies in
the merx, which is then deducted from the agreed rental. One approach, if Arnold
v Viljoen, supra, is to be followed, is to confine the tenant to a counterclaim for
damage when the merx is defective. The other, perhaps better approach, with its

35 own support in the authorities, is to reduce the rental in such a case in proportion
to the lessee's diminished enjoyment of the leased property.
A case in point is Shapiro v Yutar 1930 CPD 92. The leased premises were
used as a private hotel. The roof leaked and while repairs were being effected by
the landlord parts of the building were flooded and the defendant quit the
premises. The court held that he was not entitled to do so. What he was entitled
to do was to claim damages and in addition a remission of the rental. This is what
the court (per Gardiner, JP) at 98 said on this point:

"Now here the tenant was deprived of the use of, at any rate, a considerable portion of the house for about half a month. The dining room, lounge and corridors downstairs were unfit for use, access to the kitchen was difficult. Moreover, on the evidence of Dr. Wood, I think that defendant was justified in not taking up his abode on the upper floor. It must also be borne in mind that this building was a private hotel, and although the defendant had at the time only one boarder, there was always the possibility that someone else might wish to hire a room there. I do not think that the deprivation was, in Pothier's words peu considerable, nor was it a deprivation arising out of the effecting of ordinary repairs, to which the defendant must be

36
taken to have agreed to submit. Half a month's rent would be 25,
but it must be remembered that the defendant was not totally deprived of the use of the house. Apparently he had the use of the upstairs rooms for storing the furniture which belonged there. I think a fair amount to allow him for remission of rent would be 20."
The amount of remission is thus calculated without reference to any claim for damages but with reference to what is fair in all the circumstances. (The right of a tenant to execute necessary repairs after notice to his landlord and to charge the cost against the rent (cf Bensley v Clear 1878 Buch 89,90-1; Marais v Cloete 1945 EDL 238,244; Hunter v Cumnor Investments 1952 (1) SA 735 (C) 740A-D) appears to be a special remedy akin to but not identical with a claim for damages for breach of contract(cf Poynton v Cran 1910 AD 205,217-218,225-227;Lester Investments (Pty) Ltd v Narshi 1951 (2) SA 464 (C) 468C-H).
In approaching remission of rent on the basis of what is fair some common ground can be found with the second proposition in BK Tooling which is also founded on fairness (at 427A). Even so, it would be wrong to equate the two

37 instances or to regard them as anything more than merely analogous. Remission
of rental involves an estimation, in the innocent party's hand, of the extent to
which the remuneration he owes the guilty party should be reduced in relation to
his reduced enjoyment of the latter's performance. As such it may include elements
which are peculiar to him. That exercise is primarily subjective. The second
proposition in BK Tooling involves a calculation, in the guilty party's hand, of the
exact cost of upgrading or perfecting his own defective performance. That
exercise is primarily objective.
The analogy of remission of rent is nevertheless close enough to the facts
of the current case (periodic payment by the one party for the temporary use of
another's property) to justify its adoption as a means of achieving an equitable
result where the second proposition in BK Tooling is manifestly inappropriate.
In the BK Tooling type of situation precise evidence is required to make a
precise correction in order to neutralise the shortfall in the guilty party's

38
performance. In the case of an obligation of a continuing nature it will frequently
not be possible to do so. There may of course be circumstances where a proration can be made with reasonable accuracy: for instance where a lessor had given his lessee possession only on day 10 of a 30 day lease period (cf Seligson v Ally 1928 TPD 259,263) or where he withheld 1 000 hectares of a 3 000 hectare field which was leased. But failing such an obvious standard of comparison the pro rata reduction of rental must of necessity imply a fairly robust approach, comparable to the case where an aggrieved party with a claim for damages experiences difficulties in computing the exact extent of his loss (cf Caxton Ltd and Others v Reeva Forman (Pty)Ltd and Another 1990 (3) SA 547 (A) 573G-J; Sarembock v Medical Leasing Services (Pty) Ltd and Another 1991 (1) SA 344 (A) 352B-E). The same approach, I believe, should be adopted in this instance.