(b)
a dismissal based on age is fair if the employee has reached the normal or agreed retirement age for persons employed in that capacity.”
[9]
The respondents’ complaint against the dismissal is that it offends against the provision
of sec 187(1)(f) and that it is, therefore, automatically unfair. The respondents further contend that the appellant’s conduct
in purporting to unilaterally fix the retirement age at 60 constituted a unilateral change of the second and further respondents’
terms and conditions of employment which it had no right to do which was ineffectual in law. In its defence the appellant seeks refuge
in the exception created by the provision of sec 187(2)(b) and contends that the second and further respondents had reached normal
retirement age of 60 when they were dismissed and that, for that reason, the dismissals were fair. The appellant does not contend
on appeal that the second and further respondents had reached an agreed retirement age when they were dismissed. Accordingly, what
needs to be determined is whether there was a normal retirement age of 60 that was applicable to the second and further respondents.
If there was not, that is the end of the appeal. If there was, there may or may not be further issues to consider.
[10]
It was accepted by all concerned that the second and further respondents’ terms and conditions
of employment at Val did not include any provision to the effect that their normal retirement age was 60. It was also accepted that
those terms and conditions of employment did not include any provision for an agreed retirement age. Accordingly, it follows that
in law Val could not have dismissed the second and further respondents on the basis that they had reached an agreed or normal retirement
age for persons employed in the capacity in which they were employed. In terms of the agreement concluded between the appellant,
Val and the first respondent on the 30th January 2001 as well as in terms of sec 197 of the Act the terms and conditions of employment which the Val employees, including
the second and further respondents, enjoyed at Val before the transfer were to continue to apply to them after the transfer. The
effect of this was, therefore, that there was no agreed or normal retirement age applicable to them immediately before the appellant
purported to unilaterally fix 60 as the normal retirement age for them.
[11]
The question that arises is whether the appellant could render 60 to be the normal retirement age for
the second and further respondents by simply declaring unilaterally that 60 was their normal retirement age. In acting as it did,
the appellant was seeking to in effect introduce a new condition of employment into the terms and conditions of the employment of
the second and further respondents. In law it had no right to do that without the second and further respondents’ consent.
The appellant’s conduct in purporting to unilaterally fix 60 as the normal retirement age for the former Val employees including
the second and further respondents was a breach of their terms and conditions of employment which it had taken over from Val by reason
of sec 197(2)(a) and of the agreement of the 30th January. It was a breach of their contracts of employment in that regard because, with their contracts not containing any clause
or provision fixing a retirement age, it was implicit in their contracts of employment that their contracts of employment could not
be terminated in the absence of a fair reason and age could not per se be a fair reason for their dismissal. Such conduct constituted
a repudiation of the second and further respondents’ contracts of employment. The repudiation gave the second and further respondents
an election either to accept it or to reject it and hold the appellant to the terms and conditions of their contracts of employment.
In this matter the second and further respondents chose the latter course. Accordingly, the purported change of their employment
terms and conditions was unlawful, wrongful and of no legal effect.
[12]
I have so far dealt with the matter on a particular basis. There is an additional basis on which the
matter can be dealt with which relates to whether the appellant’s conduct did make 60 the normal retirement age for the second
and further respondents. The appellant’s attorney accepted, correctly in my view, that, if the appellant’s conduct did
not render 60 the normal retirement age, the appeal must fail. Of course, he submitted that the appellant’s conduct did render
60 the normal retirement age for the second and further respondents.
[13]
I am unable to uphold the appellant’s contention that by unilaterally fixing 60 as the retirement
age of all its employees including the second and further respondents, 60 became the normal retirement age for such employees. What
is normal retirement age depends upon the meaning to be accorded the word “normal” in sec 187 (2) (b). The word is not defined in the Act. It, accordingly, must be given its ordinary meaning. Chambers – Mcmillan’s
South African Student’s Dictionary describes the word “norm” thus: “You say that something is the norm if it is what people normally or traditionally do.” It further says:- “Norms are usual or accepted ways of behaving.” It describes the adjective “normal” as meaning “usual, typical or expected.” The word “normality” is described as “the state or condition in which things are as they usually are.” The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary describes the word “norm” as meaning, among others “a standard, a type; what is expected or regarded as normal; customary behavior, appearance.” As to the adjective “normal”, one meaning that the latter dictionary gives is “constituting or conforming to a standard; regular, usual, typical, ordinary, conventional.”
[14]
The adjective “normal” and the adverb “normally” have also received some judicial attention within the context of different statutes. In SA Breweries Ltd v Kroonstad Municipality 1913 OPD 34 the Court had to deal with an Ordinance which provided, inter alia, that the valuer or valuers had to frame the valuation roll in
such a manner as to show the “value of buildings, by which shall be understood the making of an estimated normal valuation.” (Underlining supplied). In discussing the meaning of the word “normal” within the context of that Ordinance Maasdorp CJ, with whom Fawkes J concurred, said at 36 “… the meaning of the word ‘normal’ according to the English language, as adopted, amongst others, by Webster,
is ‘in the ordinary way’ – the ordinary way in which things are done.”
[15]
It would seem that, when in Jacobs v African Guarantee & Indemnity Co. Ltd 1964(2)SA 804(C) Corbett J had to decide whether a certain insurance excess was a normal excess, he looked at whether there was a
common underwriting policy in regard to excess among the insurance companies. I say this because he held that, without such a common
policy, it was impossible to see how it could be said that there was any norm. The matter went on appeal. The decision of the Appellate
Division is reported as African Guarantee & Indemnity Co Ltd v Jacobs 1965 (1) SA 759 (A). On appeal it was accepted that what had to be decided was whether the excess that the respondent had referred to as normal excess
at an insurance company he had dealt with before was normal to that insurance company. The appellant insurance company in that matter
contended that excess had not been normal to that earlier company. The Court took the view that there was a fallacy in the appellant
insurance company’s argument that the excess required of the respondent was not normal to that insurance company. Beyers JA,
writing for a unanimous court, said that the fallacy in the appellant insurance company’s argument lay in the assumption that,
like other companies, that company had an excess which was normal for all motorists or for motorists generally whereas that company
had no such excess. Beyers JA held that in the case of that company any excess was normal only in relation to particular categories
of motorists. In other words the normality of a particular excess was determined with reference to the category of motorists into
which the insured person fell.
[16]
In S v Phahlaamhlaka 1965 (3) SA 401 (T) the question was whether a so – called Bantu Affairs Commissioner had been right in finding under the Bantu Urban Areas Act,
1945 (Act 25 of 1945) that the appellant was “normally unemployed” and, was, therefore, “an idle person” within the meaning of those words as contained in sec 29 (2) (a) (i) of that Act. This was within the context that out of
12 years, the appellant had been employed for the first 10 years, had been in detention or jail for some time during which he, obviously,
was not free to work and was unemployed for the previous 6 or 7 months after his release from detention or jail when he was free
to look for work before he was arrested and brought to the commissioner for the enquiry.
[17]
On appeal in the High Court, Colman J, with Claassen J concurring, took the view that the commissioner
had considered only the last six or seven
months in the period of 12 years to arrive at
the conclusion at which he had arrived. He held that the whole period of 12 years
had to be taken into account and, if that was done, there could be no doubt that the appellant had been normally employed for that
period. The Court had regard to the whole period instead of a part of the period to determine whether the appellant was normally
employed or normally unemployed.
Colman J said, in relation to the adverb “normally”: “That word
was recently introduced into the statute by amendment and
there is, as far as I am aware, no judicial authority interpreting it in that context. But its meaning is plain enough. It refers
to the ordinary and usual way of life of the person under investigation; not what he has done or failed to do in special circumstances.”
[18]
Colman J said that proper weight had to be given to the word “normally” and, if that was done, then out of 12 years, the appellant had worked during 10 of the 12 years, had been unfree to work during a
further one and a half years and thereafter for 6 and a half years he did not seek employment. All of this, said Colman J, meant
that over that 12 year period the appellant was normally employed. Didcott J, with the concurrence of Leon J, subsequently adopted
the same approach or test in re Buthelezi 1976 (1) SA 856 (N).
[19]
It seems to me that the word “normal” as used in sec 187 (2) (b) really means what it says. It means that which accords with the norm. However, it is important to bear
in mind that that word is used in relation to persons employed in the same capacity as the person whose dismissal on the basis of
having reached normal retirement age is in issue. Sec 187 (2) (b) must, therefore, not be read as if it says “(d)espite subsection 1 (f), a dismissal based on age is fair if the employee has reached the normal or agreed retirement age.”
It includes the words at the end “for persons employed in that capacity.” What the section does not make clear is whether the words “persons employed in that capacity” refer to such persons who are in the same employer’s employ or whether it also refers to persons who are employed in
the same capacity by other employers in the same industry or in general.
[20]
It seems to me conceivable that one employer could have different normal retirement ages for different categories of employees within its workforce.
There may, for example, be different normal retirement ages for professionals and artisans. In such a case the employer cannot retire
an employee on the basis of a normal retirement age applicable to employees employed in a capacity different from that of his own.
In other words, where an employer seeks refuge in the provisions of sec 187 (1) (b) against a claim of unfair dismissal and his defence
is that the employee had reached normal retirement age, he must show not only that the employee had reached normal retirement age
but that the retirement age is normal to employees employed in the same capacity as the employee concerned.
[21]
In this matter it seems that the appellant sought to make 60 the normal retirement age for all its employees,
irrespective of the capacity in which they were employed. Of course, there can be nothing wrong with the fixing of a normal retirement
age for all the employees of an employer irrespective of their different capacities in which they may be employed. However, as I
have said, the manner in which the appellant sought to achieve the objective of a normal retirement age applicable to Val’s
former employees in its employ was not lawful. In law the appellant had no right to unilaterally impose such a condition to the employment
of the second and further respondents because their terms and conditions of employment did not include a normal retirement age and
the appellant was seeking to unilaterally introduce a new condition of employment into their conditions of employment.
[22]
In my view a certain age cannot suddenly become a normal retirement age for employees or for a certain
category of employees simply because the employer wakes up one morning and decides that he wants a certain age as the normal retirement
age for his employees or for a certain category of his employees. He can put a proposal to his employees on what should be the retirement
age and, if they agree, then there will be an agreed retirement age in that workplace applicable to all those who have agreed to
the proposal. A retirement age that is not an agreed retirement age becomes a normal retirement age when employees have been retiring
at that age over a certain long period - so long that it can be said that the norm for employees in that workplace or for employees
in a particular category is to retire at a particular age. An example would be where, without any formal agreement, employees in
a particular category have over 20 years been retiring at a particular age without fail. The period must be
sufficiently long and the number of employees in the particular category who have retired at that age must be sufficiently large
to justify saying that it is a norm for employees in that category to retire at that age. If the period is not sufficiently long
but the number is large, it might still be that a norm has not been established. If the period is very long but the number of employees
in the particular category who have retired at that age is not large enough, it might be difficult to prove that a norm has been
established.
[23]
It seems to me that, where an employer finds itself in the position in which the appellant found itself
with regard to its wanting to ensure that the former Val employees shared the same normal retirement age as his other employees,
one remedy available to him is to institute a lock – out – obviously after complying with all the requirements of the
Act – and then compel the former Val employees to agree to 60 as the agreed retirement age for them. Resorting to a unilateral
change of the second and further respondents’ terms and conditions of employment was not the way to go about it.
[24]
Sec 187 (1)(b) creates two bases upon which an employer can justify the dismissal of an employee on grounds
of retirement age. The one is an agreed retirement age, the other is normal retirement age. Those are the only two bases. In this
case 60 was neither the normal nor the agreed retirement age for the second and further respondents.
[25]
In the circumstances the dismissal could not be justified on the basis of sec 187 (1) (b) of the Act
but was contrary to the provisions of sec 187(1)(a) and was automatically unfair. In this regard the Court a quo was right in so
finding. In the premises the appeal is dismissed with costs.
Zondo JP
I agree.
Willis JA
I agree.
Davis AJA
Appearances
For the appellant
:
Mr H C Niewoudt
Instructed by
:
Deneys
Reitz Attorneys
For the respondent
:
Adv. C.S. Kahanovitz with Mr J Whyte
Instructed by
:
Cheadle
Thompson Attorneys
Date of judgement
:
9 July 2004
.RTF of original document