10.
The Commission analysed the market narrowly, focussing only on parboiled rice, which comprises the majority of rice consumed in South
Africa. They therefore excluded speciality rices ( including sushi and basmati). The Commission defined the geographic market as
national because since packaging and distribution facilities are located in close proximity to the national ports, most market participants can distribute their products nationwide. However, evidence from the record indicates that the geographic market
may in fact be regional, since certain brands of rice are only distributed in certain regions. Note, Nice Rice for example is only
distributed in the Western Cape. Also 70-80% of Accolades’ business is conducted in the Western Cape. Furthermore the parties indicated at the hearing that
listing in supermarkets was decided at a regional level.
11.
We will not detain ourselves with the geographical extent of the market since it is clear that there
are no competition concerns arising in this market.
12.
The major players are Tiger Brands (the brand leader with “Tastic”) and Umgeni Products.
Pioneer sells its Select and Nice brands mainly in the rural areas. It has not been able to reach large scale listing of its brands
in the mainstream retail market. The merged parties combined national post-merger market share is 9.5%. Tiger is the leader with
almost 53%. If the market is a regional one, the merged firm would have a very high market share in the Western Cape.
Rice Market Shares
| Region |
Pioneer (Sasko) |
Accolade |
Combined |
| Gauteng |
0.1% |
0.2% |
0.3% |
| KZN |
2.6% |
0% |
2.6% |
| Eastern Cape |
5.7% |
1.2% |
6.9% |
| Western Cape |
8.2% |
42.2% |
50.4% |
| North West |
8.4% |
0% |
8.4% |
| Northern Cape |
25.2% |
0% |
25.2% |
| Free State |
0.5% |
2.3% |
2.8% |
Source: Presentation to Pioneer Foods Board of Directors
13.
However the large retail chains are unlikely to be dependant on a single supplier and it is likely
that Tiger and Umgeni will find that they have new opportunities in the Western Cape post merger. Secondly, given Pioneer’s
objective to become a national, rather than a regional player, it is likely to divert some of its product northwards to get its brands
established in those markets. In short although the markets may have been regional pre-merger they may not be so post merger. In
addition the Commission found that barriers to entry into the market for the packing and distribution of rice are low. The smaller
players who import rice and repackage and sell to wholesalers, located mainly in W Cape and KZN are testimony to this.
14.
We agree with the Commission that in view of the low entry barriers and insignificant combined market
share, this market presents no competition concerns.
B. The market for the packaging and supply of Coconut
15.
Coconut too is imported mainly from the East – the Philippines, Singapore and Indonesia. The
product is dessicated coconut, used mainly in breakfast cereals, sweets, baked goods and as accompaniments to certain ethnic dishes, such as curries. The parties
referred to fine and medium grated coconut, which are functionally distinguishable, the latter being used as toppings whereas the
former is preferred because of the taste and texture it profers in baked goods. However, the distinction is insignificant and therefore
for our purposes, we will treat the two as interchangeable. Pioneer sells coconut through its recently acquired “Moirs”
brand, while Accolade sells it via its “Imbo” brand. The parties’ primary customers are the retail chains and wholesalers.
16.
Though raw grated coconut is potentially a substitute, this was excluded from the Commission’s
analysis and they evaluated the narrower market to see if any competition concerns arose.
17.
Once again in respect of this product, the commission concludes that the market is national.
18.
According to the major retailers, there are only three players in this market – Pioneer (Moirs),
Accolade and Trumps. During the hearing it emerged that in fact Tiger Brands (through its “Star” brand) was also a player
in this market, even though it only had a small market share, of around 4% based on value.
19.
The merged entity’s combined market shares based on AC Nielsen is:
Based on value: 70.3%
Based on volume: 66.3%
20.
The Commission concluded that Accolade is an aggressive price setter, since it holds the majority
of its market share based on volume. It prices low and sells high volumes. This is confirmed by the fact that its prices are over
50% cheaper than Moirs.
21.
Though on any textbook definition, this merger would raise competition concerns, we do not find
that there will be a substantial prevention or lessening of competition in the market for the packaging and distribution of coconut
for the following reasons:
21.1
Post-merger there will still be three competitors in the market via the formal retail chains, that is
the merged entity’s Moirs brand, Trumps and Tiger Brands’ Star.
21.2
Statistics obtained from SARS furnished by the merging parties at the hearing reflected that of the total
tonnage of dessicated coconut imported into the country, the merged entity’s combined share thereof is only 19%. The other
81% of the product imported is distributed or consumed outside the formal retail trade. The parties advised that this would comprise industrial users such as confectionary manufacturers and estimated that approximately
57% of this figure was taken up by the informal trade, more especially traders in KwaZulu Natal and the Western Cape who distributed
coconut for the ethnic cuisine trade. The Commission confirmed that in those markets where most of the coconut is sold, that is,
the Western Cape and KZN, there are smaller competitors, not captured by Nielsens, who supply specialist retailers in those regions.
This indicates that barriers to entry, particularly in the lower-priced brands were relatively low. The Commission’s view is
that imports of packaged coconut are a further potential source of competition to the merged entity. Accordingly, notwithstanding the existence of two other players, if the combined entity
tried to raise prices, a new entrant could enter quite easily and capture market share at the expense of the merged entity.
21.3
Another factor persuading us that this merger will not be anti-competitive is that dessicated coconut
is a relatively marginal product in the sense that it is not a must-have for many consumers, rather, it is an add-on. The parties’
stated that top-end sales via the formal retail chains are by consumers who purchase mainly for baking purposes, and therefore not
in large volumes or with regular frequency. In those regions where there is great demand for dessicated coconut, such as KwaZulu
Natal and the Western Cape, there do seem to be other informal means of distribution channels available and entry into the distribution
market is not constrained in any way.
Conclusion
We conclude that the merger will not lead to a substantial lessening of competition in the market for the packaging and distribution
of either rice or coconut.
The Tribunal therefore approves the transaction unconditionally. There are no public interest concerns which would alter this conclusion.
_____________
4 October 2004
D. H. Lewis
Date
Concurring: N. Manoim, T. Orleyn
For the merging parties:
Jan S. De Villiers Attorneys
For the Commission:
M. van Hoven, Competition Commission
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