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Mokholo v The State (Criminal Appeal No.19 of 1996) [1996] BWCA 35; [1996] B.L.R. 646 (CA) (12 July 1996)

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF BOTSWANA HELD AT LOBATSE
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 19 OF 1996
HIGH COURT CRIMINAL TRIAL NO.29 OF 1994
IN THE MATTER BETWEEN:
BOIKI MOKHOLO    APPELLANT
VS
THE STATE        RESPONDENT
MR ATTORNEY EDWARD W. FASHOLE-LUKE II FOR THE APPELLANT MR ATTORNEY B.W. MORARA FOR THE RESPONDENT
JUDGMENT
CORAM: T.A AGUDA JA. J.H. STEYN JA. LORD W.I.S. ALLANBRIDGE JA.
STEYN JA.
The Appellant in this matter was convicted on a charge of murder. The Court a quo found no extenuating circumstances. Accordingly the death sentence was obligatory and was imposed.
An appeal was noted against both the conviction on the charge of murder and against the finding that no extenuating circumstances existed, and that these were sufficient to justify the imposition of a sentence other than the one imposed.
Mr Luke, who appeared for the Appellant did seek to argue that the conviction was flawed. However, when pressed by members

2
of the Court, he did not pursue these contentions. This court has no doubt that the Appellant was properly convicted on abundant evidence of the intentional killing of the deceased.
The only question that has to be decided, is whether the finding that no extenuating circumstances existed was correctly made.
Mr Luke contended and State Counsel conceded, that there had
been a misdirection on the law on the part of the Court a quo.
In a carefully reasoned judgment, the learned Judge says the
following:
"The prisoner here was 23 years of age at the time of the commission of the crime. Adulthood is at 21 years. The prisoner was to be regarded properly, as a young adult. I do not mean to say that a man of 23 years cannot in all cases be regarded as a youth but then some evidence of youthful immaturity must be shown; that or other sufficient reason.
The prisoner did say in evidence on the case that he didn't know what he was doing. However there was no evidence to suggest any psychopathic tendencies or some psychological aberration or, any mental disease short of insanity. He seemed to me to have acted perfectly rationally in the stabs he inflicted with the screwdriver and when deprived of it, he ran to his home not in fear or flight but to find another weapon and he brought it and chopped the deceased till she died. The evidence of his mental make up was that he has a temper but it was said he was never violent - see here for instance the case of S. Vs. VON ZELL 1953 (B) S.A. dealing with a disease of the mind short of insanity. I do not think that the fact that he had not gone to school had a more disproportionate effect on him than the lot of

3
ordinary uneducated Batswana, and he wasn't confronted with a complicated situation for this court to decide that he was out of his depth.
The prisoner had not been happy when he returned from work and it looks as if his unhappiness had something to do with the deceased because when he saw her he immediately called to talk to her and did so whilst he held her, to make sure she doesn't run away. He had told his mother to look after his tools as he was going away, whereas the mother said he always left his tools at the house any way without prior arrangement. The fact is that I do not know enough to consider any of this as having influenced his behaviour that morning. It was for the prisoner to show these things on a balance of probability and in my view he has not done so. As regards the argument that the prisoner had no previous conviction, I do not regard this as of particular significance when dealing with the issue of extenuation, for this factor has no impact on the blameworthiness of the prisoner in the commission of this crime. I have dealt with the arguments of remorse. Whilst there is no evidence that the prisoner planned this killing equally the prisoner wasn't taken by surprise by anything that suddenly happened when he was holding the deceased, so that I can say the crime occurred because he was faced with an emergent situation to which he could not maturely react. It seems to me he had in mind his relationship with the deceased for sometimes before killing her. I do not think that argument takes us any further. Accordingly I find that there are no extenuating circumstances."
It is the law of Botswana as developed by its Courts over
the years, that Section 203 of the Penal code does not permit of
an interpretation that one party or the other had to prove the
absence or presence of extenuating circumstances. See DAVID
KELALETSWE AND TWO OTHERS V. THE STATE CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 25 OF

4
1994 (P.3 8 of the Judgment)
It was put most succinctly by Aguda JA in a five Judge judgment of this Court that "The law does not, in my opinion, cast any ojms. on such a person to show that such extenuating circumstances exist . ..." See PATRICK NTESANG V. THE STATE CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 57 OF 1994 (page 7 of the Judgment).
It follows that the Court a Quo erred in evaluating the evidence on the basis that "It was for the prisoner to show these things on a balance of probability and in my view he has not done so."
The correct approach is the one articulated by the full bench of this Court in NTESANG's case supra and in the decision in KELALETSWE AND TWO OTHERS V. THE STATE.(supra)
In the latter case this Court defined the obligations that
rest upon a trial Court in the following terms:
"(3) When all the evidence is in, the Court is obliged to evaluate the testimony and submissions before it, "consider and weigh all the features of the case - both extenuating and aggravating" -see Lekolwane v. The State (supra) at page 249. This would include evidence tendered during the principal hearing and that tendered during the second phase enquiry. It will then make its "value or moral judgment" - (see Lekolwane (supra) - as to whether extenuating circumstances exist or not. Should it be in doubt as to whether such circumstances exist or not and such doubt is reasonable and not the

5
doubt of a weak or vacillating mind," it should in my view give the benefit of such doubt to the accused."
It follows that in view of the flawed approach towards the question of whether extenuating circumstances were present or not, we are as a Court of Appeal ourselves obliged to review the evidence and, properly directed to determine whether there were extenuating circumstances present. We should ask ourselves "(a) whether there are any facts which might be relevant to extenuation, such as immaturity, intoxication or provocation, (b) whether such facts, in their cumulative effect, had a bearing on, the accused's state of mind in doing what he did, (c) whether such bearing was sufficiently appreciable to abate the moral blame-worthiness of the accused in doing what he did." See S. V. LETSHOLO 1970 (3) S.A. 476 (A) . This is a dictum applied repeatedly by this Court inter alia, in LOSANG V. THE STATE 1985 B.L.R 281, in LEKOLWANE V. THE STATE 1985 B.L.R. 245 AT 249 as well as in KELALETSWE case cited above, See also NDLOVU V. THE STATE CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 15/1995.
To do so requires a review of the facts of the matter. Appellant had developed a relationship with the deceased and they had become lovers. According to Appellant, he had known the deceased since 1992, but they had only been lovers for about a year. Their relationship had been a happy one. Appellant, who

6
is not literate and had never been to school, described their
relationship in the following terms:
"I was in love with Mmannana Malepe. When I proposed love from her, she told me everything concerning herself. She told me she is a trustworthy person. She also told me she wanted to fall in love with me only, and no one else besides me. I also told her I was going to tell her what she has already told me, (that is about being in love with her only). We continued with our affair.
He says that on the day before the murder, i.e. the 26th of October, 1993 he wanted to talk to the deceased about certain incidents that had occurred. He said that he reminded her of her undertaking that she wanted to be his "only lover and no one else besides me." He asked her whether she had honoured this undertaking and pointed out that he had "found her with another guy, a certain man in the past days."
Appellant gave evidence that he suspected that she was in love with this third party. He had found them "holding each other as lovers do". This incident had occurred some two weeks prior to the 27th of October. The deceased, according to the accused, asked him to forgive her and "that she will never repeat that." He added that: "She also told me that she was trying to do that behind my back and she decided to quit the relationship". Appellant says he forgave her but then proceeded to confront her in relation to another incident with another man some three days

7 before the 2 7th of October. Because this second person was a
taxi-driver and his vehicle was used to transport passengers, he
thought that this was the reason why the deceased was in his
vehicle. However, her subsequent behaviour caused him to have
some concern also in respect of this person and a possible
relationship between them.
Another cause of discontent was that the accused believed
that he had a venereal disease and that he had contracted it from
the deceased. It seems clear on the evidence that certain
aspects of his evidence in this regard were untrue. Certainly
his version that he had been to the hospital for examination and
treatment and that they had requested his sexual partner also to
attend at the hospital, was rejected by the Court a quo as false.
Be that as it may, it certainly is reasonably possible that prior
to the events that took place on the day of the murder that the
Appellant had a suspicion whether based on fact or not, that his
girlfriend was being unfaithful to him. It could also be
reasonably possibly true that he thought - again whether on
reasonable grounds or not - that he had contracted a sexually
transmissable disease from his paramour, and that an argument
ensued on the day before the murder, which ended in a scuffle
between the Appellant and the deceased.

8
In regard to the incident that took place on the 2 6th
Appellant gave the following evidence. After a discussion
concerning the question of the disease she may have transmitted
to him, the deceased pushed him (the Appellant) as he attempted
to take a key from her. He goes on to say:
"V: What happened when you stood up and tried to get the key.
A: She then bit me on my finger. I then pushed her. She then fell on a sofa. She then hit me with her head on my chest. I then fell on the floor. As I stood up she kicked me around my genitals. At that point everything changed on me, I dont know what was going on. I found the door already open I dont know how it came to be opened. I found my sister standing by the door. She asked me why we are making noise."
Subsequent to this incident, the two principal actors met again in the afternoon of the same day when a further argument between them took place. In the evening, around about 7 o'clock, the Appellant again visited the deceased at her house. By this time - to quote Appellant - the deceased had "changed her mood(s)" and quarrelled with him. They parted on unfriendly terms.
The next day, the day of the murder, Appellant went to work. He says he did not feel well. Again I quote his words as they were translated into English:- "My body was mixed up." He was asked by his foreman at work whether he had recovered and when

9
it appeared that he had not, he left work and went home to leave
his tools there before going to the hospital.
At home he was confronted by his mother. What occurred next
is confirmed by the evidence of the latter. Her evidence adduced
by the State, reads as follows:
"A: he returned from his work, he passed by me whilst I was doing my washing. He then dropped his work tools at home. He then went to Mma-Mooketsi's place to call me. I then went with him to my place. He then told me that he wanted to go somewhere, so I should look after his work tools. I then asked him where in particular he wanted to go, whilst I was still talking to him he started crying.
M:       Did he tell you what the problem was.
A:       No.
M:       Did you enquire
A:       Yes, I did.
M:       And what was his response.
A: He refused to tell me where he was going, or where he wanted to go.
M-. Did he complain of anything.
A: No.
M: Were you aware of any problems that he was experiencing at that time.
A.- I asked him because I saw him crying.
M: And he did not answer you."
The Appellant says that he told his mother that he "had some

10
problems" and that he tried to tell his mother but was unable to
do so. He says: "I did not know what to tell my mother. I was
troubled in (my) mind and I was crying at the same time." Asked
what was troubling him he responded by saying:
"My illness and the fact that we did not settle our dispute with the deceased and the fact that she fought me, when I tried to ask her."
The evidence reveals that it is shortly after this incident
that the deceased came passing through the yard. Appellant said
he tried to call her. She stopped. He says:
"I then asked her as to whether she wanted to kill me."
Her response according to him was:
"She said there was nothing to talk to me about. At that time I lost my temper."
He says that he tried to get closer to her, there was a brick near to where she was standing which she attempted to grab. Appellant seized hold of her hand to prevent her doing so. She struggled. The Appellant had a 5 metre tape and a screw driver which he had brought from work in his pocket and as they fell to the ground struggling he took the screw driver from his pocket and started stabbing her.
The subsequent events are deposed to by members of the Appellant's family and more particularly by PWl, Appellant's younger brother. From this evidence it is clear that the

11
Appellant had by now gone on the rampage. Having heard a shout for help, PW1 jumped the fence between the two adjoining properties and observed the Appellant busy stabbing the deceased with the screwdriver. He saw at least three stab wounds being administered. The witness succeeded in taking the screwdriver away from Appellant. The latter jumped back to the yard of his family whilst the deceased ran towards her yard. Appellant reappeared with a shovel in his hand. The witness tried to intervene, whereupon it appears that Appellant turned on his brother, aimed a blow at him, missed, and struck the deceased on the shoulder. The victim tried to ward off a further blow and Appellant struck her on the hands. The next blow was administered on the deceased's neck, she fell down and Appellant struck her "maybe three or four times" before desisting.
Appellant's cousin (PW3) also gave evidence. He confirmed in broad outline the evidence given by the Appellant's mother and brother. He testified that Appellant stabbed the deceased with the screwdriver, that his brother "easily" took it from him without a struggle. He described how the Appellant, with what he called a "speedy piece of work", returned with a shovel. He confirmed that Appellant attempted to assault his brother when the latter tried to intervene. He saw the Appellant strike the deceased one blow only with the shovel on the shoulder before he

12
(the witness) ran away.
Concerning Appellant's state of mind at the time of the incident, the witness confirms the mother's evidence that Appellant revealed that he had some problems. According to PW3 the Appellant appeared to him to be "confused on his face and he did not appear his usual self."
In cross-examination he said that it was out of character for Appellant to behave as he did. He thought the Appellant was "worried", he did not "respond or seem to pay attention when we spoke to him. He appeared sad."
He, like all the other witnesses deposes to the fact that whilst the Appellant was short tempered he was not a violent person.
A friend of the deceased was called as PW4 and confirmed the evidence of the other State witnesses concerning the events of the day in question, including the attempt by the Appellant to strike his brother with the shovel. She also says that only a short time elapsed between the two assaults, one with a screwdriver and the other with a shovel. She described the assault on deceased by the latter "as if he was mad."
The district surgeon testified that the Appellant died as a result of "acute sub-dural haemorrhage with cerebral contusion." This in turn was attributable to a single blow to

13
the head with a blunt instrument - like a shovel - delivered with
"mild to moderate" force. The extent of the violent assaults on
the body of the deceased can be gleaned from the fact that there
were in all some 18 separate and distinct injuries found at the
post-mortem examination.
I have set out the evidence fully, because it is only by
doing so that one is able to have a composite and coherent
picture of the events surrounding this brutal murder that ended
in the death of this young girl. It is against this backdrop
that one has to assess the degree of Appellant's moral guilt.
In doing so we have to answer the questions formulated in S. V.
LETSHOLO referred to above. For purposes of clarity I repeat them
here.
"a) Whether there are any facts which might be relevant to extenuation, such as immaturity, intoxication or provocation,
b)      
Whether such facts, in their cumulative effect, had a bearing on, the accused's state of mind in doing what he did,
c)      
Whether such bearing was sufficiently appreciable to abate the moral blameworthiness of the accused in doing what he did."
There can be no doubt that it was a brutal and persistent
assault Appellant perpetrated on the deceased. Whatever may have
happened between them in no way justified his violent conduct.
However, in assessing the degree of his moral blame-worthiness,

14
we have to have regard also to any relevant subjective features
that could have had a bearing on his conduct.
Schreiner J.A. puts it best in the well known passage in his
judgment in REX v PUNDAKUBI 1948 (3) S.A. (A) 810 AT P818 when
he says:
"But it is at least clear that the subjective side is of very great importance, and that no factor, not too remote or too faintly or indirectly related to the commission of the crime which bears upon the accused's moral blame-worthiness in committing it can be ruled out from consideration."
In making this assessment it does seem to me that the
following factors have to be carefully evaluated.
1.      
On all the evidence Appellant is not a man of violence. Certainly, by all accounts, his conduct on the day in question was out of character.
2.      
As indicated above, his evidence as to what happened on the day before the murder, could reasonably possibly be true. These events must have contributed to his unusual state of mind on the 27th of October.
3.      
Evidence that Appellant behaved in an abnormal manner prior to the assault on the deceased and was certainly not himself, is to be found not only in his own subjective testimony, but can be gleaned from the observation of others. In this regard the cumulative effect of the evidence of his mother that he was in a disturbed state of mind, refused to respond to questions and started crying is an important indicator of his degree of distress. A similar picture of a man in a distressed state of mind is to
1.      

15
be gathered from the evidence of PW3 (the cousin), i.e. that "he was confused on his face and did not appear his usual self."
4. There are elements concerning the actions of the Appellant that tend to confirm that he was grossly irrational at the time of the assault. Noteworthy in this regard is the following:
4.1     
The impression that he created in the mind of the deceased's friend is that the way he was behaving was as "if he was mad";
4.2     
The fact that in his rage he actually tried to assault his brother with the shovel when the latter was attempting to intervene.
4.3     
The very fact of the brutality and repetitive nature of assault could well indicate a person who has not only lost control of himself but has gone berserk.
As a result of jealousy, fueled by his suspicions concerning
the conduct of the deceased with other men, his concerns about
his health and the possibility that he may have a sexual disease
which had been transmitted to him by the deceased, he succeeded
in alienating the deceased from him on the day before the events.
That there had been a serious breakdown in their relationship
would have seem to me certainly to be probable. That this
weighed heavily on his mind on the day in question is also clear
from all the evidence.
It was against this background and in this distressed state

16
of mind that he confronts his lover, who now once again rejects
him. This generates the spark that fires all the tragic events that follow.
A serious aggravating factor is the fact that Appellant does not come to his senses when his brother intervenes and takes the screwdriver away from him. However, the events that follow did take place rapidly and the interval was on all the evidence short. Whilst therefore, his failure to desist must be given due weight, it is in view of the continuity of the events not sufficiently significant, to outweigh the other factors mentioned above.
These factors have convinced me that on a view of the evidence as a whole and by the narrowest of margins, there are circumstances that reduce the degree of moral guilt of the accused sufficiently to warrant a finding that extenuating circumstances do exist and that the Court is at liberty to impose a sentence other than that which is obligatory in terms of the law.
Having said that, the conduct of the Appellant falls into the most serious category of violent assaults. These were committed on the person of an innocent young and defenceless woman. The instrument he used was lethal, the assault was sustained and brutal. His crime deserves to be severely

\


17

punished. I would impose a sentence of 15 years imprisonment on
him.
The conviction of the Appellant on the charge of murder is confirmed. However, the verdict is altered to read:
"Guilty of murder with extenuating circumstances." The

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J.H. STEYN JUDGE OF APPEAL

I AGREE:
 T.A. AGUDA JUDGE OF APPEAL


I AGREE:
LORD W.I.S ALLANBRIDGE JUDGE OF APPEAL

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