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Attorney General v Davis and Another (CA No. 31 of 1986) [1987] BWCA 8 (3 July 1987)

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL
HOLDEN AT LOBATSE
Court of Appeal No. 31 of 1986
In the matter between:
ATTORNEY-GENERAL         Appellant
and
1.       BASHI DAVIS      1st Respondent
2.       SAPHIS KUKUDI    2nd Respondent
JUDGMENT
Coram: A. N. E. AMISSAH, JA. L. DE VAN WINSEN, JA. B. A. DOYLE, JA.
VAN WINSEN, JA:
In this matter the Attorney-General, acting in terms of Section 331A (1) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act appeals against a decision of the High Court on a point of law.
It appears that the two Respondents were convicted on 30 January 1984 by the Senior Magistrate, Mahalapye on a charge of school-breaking and theft in contravention of section 307(a) read with section 276 of the Penal Code. Nothing turns on the convictions and it is only on the sentences imposed that this appeal turns. It appears from the record that the respondents had both been convicted of similar ofences about a month previous to the trial on which the sentences presently in dispute were imposed. It appears further from the Magistrate's judgment in the present cases that he had sentenced 1st respondent in the earlier case to imprisonment for 4 years, 2 years of which he suspended for 2 years. When this case went on review the reviewing court added six strokes to the punishment. When

2
the present case came up for trial the punishment of strokes had not
yet been administered. The Magistrate trying the present case then
said, addressing 1st respondent:
"I now sentence you to two years imprisonment for this offence, and to six strokes, these sentences to be concurrent with the sentences passed last month. That means that you will neither serve any longer in prison nor receive work strokes than is already the case."
In regard to the 2nd respondent it similarly appears from the judgment of the Magistrate that in the previous trial he had been sentenced to 2 years imprisonment of which one year was suspended for 3 years. In this case too, it was ordered on review that he receive six strokes with the cane in addition to the prison sentence. The reason for the addition of strokes to the prison sentences by the reviewing court in the case of both respondents was that section 301 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act enjoined the imposition of strokes for the offences committed by the respondents both in respect of the convictions at the previous as well as the present trials.
In the case of the second respondent he had already received
the strokes imposed on him at the previous trial when he was due to
be punished for his offence at the present trial. The Magistrate
addressing the 2nd respondent said:
"I take the view today, rightly or wrongly, that you
should not be prejudiced by the fact that you
have been tried for this offence on an occasion
seperate from your last trial and so, with a degree
of hesitation, I sentence you to 2 years imprisnment
only of which 1 year is suspended for 3 years    "
The sentence was ordered to run concurrently with the prison sentence
imposed at the earlier trial. The Magistrate was in doubt as to what
to do about the imposition of the compulsory corporal punishment. He

3
stated that had 2nd respondent not been canned he would, as in the
case of the 1st respondent, have ordered the corporal punishment to
run concurrently with that imposed for the earlier offence but he sai
he could not see "how in law or logic strokes now required to be
ordered can be concurrent with strokes already administered." He
accordingly imposed 2 strokes which were not to be administered until
the matter had gone on review to the High Court. He appealed to the
latter Court for guidance in a difficult matter.
The latter Court obliged in a judgment dated 22nd January 1986
against which the State has now appealed. The Chief Justice in his
judgment, when the matter came on review before him, stated, inter
alia,:
"Having carefully considered the whole question, the position, in my view, on the authorities and submissions made before me, is that taking Molosi's case (1955 (4) SALR 289 (0) and Godfrey's case 1965 (A) SALR 68 and the logic of the opinions there given, concurrent sentences of mandatory corporal punishment ought not to be passed when concomitant concurrent sentences of imprisonment are passed but that one sentence only of corporal punishment ought to be passed and that, following from that, if at a later trial, sentences of imprisonment ordered to run concurrently with those at the first trial are passed, mandatory sentences of corporal punishment ought not to be passed, whether or not the strokes have been carried out, as the one sentence of corporal punishment already passed includes any such punishment."
He went on to add:
"What that means, in effect, is that as sentences of corporal punishment cannot, by their nature, be concurrent, and as the intention of the Court in the instant case was not to make them cumulative, then by logical extension of the opinions expressed in Molosi's case and Godfrey's case the one sentence of corporal punishment passed in their first case would apply in respect of all the offences and, thus, a further order of strokes would be superfluous and this would be in line with the spirit of section 30(2) of the Penal Code (Cap 08:01)"

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such provision was made. The phrase "run concurrently" can,
semantically, only be applicable to a situation where a punishment
operates from one point of time, its beginning, to a subsequent point
of time at which it terminates. A punishment consisting of a single
act performed at a single point of time, as in case of the
administration of strokes or the payment of a fine, cannot be
comprehended with the meaning of a phrase such as "running
concurrently" which denotes an action extending over a period of time ,
Accordingly, the specific limitation in section 297 of the concept of
concurring to terms of imprisonment raises the clear inference that
the legislature intended to confine it to the type of punishment
specifically nominated in that section.
Indeed in interpreting an identically worded section to section
297, a South African Court held that in view of the fact the section
in question only made provision for the concurrency of sentences of
imprisonment there could be no concurrency in the case of fines.
Gardner AJA delivering judgment in the Appeal Court in the case of
Rex v. Sitebe 1934 AD 56 at page 58 said:
"The Magistrate directed the alternative periods of imprisonment to run concurently and in that he was quite justified. As to the fine, however, it is a little difficult to know what the Magistrate had in mind because the section (i.e. the section corresponding to section 297 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act) does not speak of fines, and, apart from the section fines can hardly be conceived of as "running concurrently."
For similar decisions to the same effect see, for example,
R v. Keizer 1965 (4) SA 204 (S.R), R v. Dignann 1956 (2) SA sq (S.R),
R v. Mkabels 1959 (3) SA. 954.
Moreover, if regard is had to the terms of section 301 (1) (e) of
the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act it would seem that several

6
sentences of canning imposed at any one sitting of a court are deemed to be one sentence which leaves no room for them being treated as being concurrent.
Mr. Segopolo in an able argument on behalf of respondents contended that a multiple sentence i.e. imprisonment plus either strokes and a fine, must be looked at as a single whole and if it is possible, as indeed it is, to make sentences of imprisonment run concurrently then the other sentences integral with imprisonment should also be treated as being capable of being ordered to run concurrently with each other. The case of Refubbe v. Mwahapesile 1965 EALR 407 relied upon by counsel in support of this proposition would not appear to be of assistance to him. In that case the appellant was convicted on five counts of stealing money, the property of his employer. He was sentenced to 2 years imprisonment on each count (to run concurrently) and to 24 strokes in respect to the sum of these counts. Six days later he was sentenced on a further eleven counts of a similar nature and sentenced to 2 years imprisonment on all the counts taken together and to 24 strokes. Subsequently he was again convicted on a further twelve counts for which, taken together, he was sentenced to two years imprisonment and 24 strokes. In all, therefore, he became liable to imprisonment for 6 years and to receive 72 strokes. Appeal was lodged against certain convictions and against all the sentences.
The appeal court wishing to help the appellant on sentence was able to do so in relation to the imprisonment sentences by allowing a measure of concurrency between them but ruled that it was unable to take similar action in regard to the 72 strokes and it was perforce confined to requesting the President to take such action as he might

7
deem fit in his capacity as Head of Government to remedy the
position relative to the number of strokes.
This case will, however, be of interest to the Director of
Prosecutions on the question of whether, where the State is in
possession of evidence which would enable it to charge an accused at
one trial on a number of counts in connection with similar offences,
it should refrain from doing so in favour of initiated against such
accused a series of separate trials before different judicial
officers. Weston J in that case remarked as follows at p 414 of the
report:-
"Doubtless there is nothing in law which made it bad to arraign the appellant on three several occasions before three different magistrates for what was a single complex of offences connected in kind and time, but the hustling of the appellant from one court to another as this appellant was - on one day indeed new charges were preferred the moment others had been dealt with - was not in my view a seemly spectacle or one calculated to inspire in the onlooker any great respect for the administration of justice. There is, I think, something ridiculous about a person who takes three bites at a cherry. Nor did the court below, seemingly, advert to its powers under s. 36 of the Penal Code which would have enabled it, if not to view the charges against the appellant as, to use his own words, "a merely single case against me altogether and not three cases as what it is now", at least as three cases so connected that it would be an error in principle not to take into account in fixing sentence in the two cases last tried the sentence imposed in the previous case or cases."
I turn then to consider the answers to the questions raised
t by the Atforney-General as set out above.
Regard being had to what is said above the response to question
I (a) - which is set out earlier in this judgment - is in the negative. The wording of section 297 (2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, properly construed, precludes the ordering by a

8
court, either at a single trial or at succesive trials, of a sentence of corporal punishment, whether compulsory or not, to run concurrently with another sentence of corporal punishment. In the light of this response the question raised in I (b), which is set out earlier in this judgment, falls away.
The response to question II (a) is in the negative. Thus where a person has been convicted and sentenced to mandatory corporal punishment at the first trial and is convicted of an offence at the second trial for which corporal punishment is mandatory, the court at the latter trial cannot order that the corporal punishment imposed at the first trial be treated as being an imposition of corporal punishment in the respect of the conviction at the second trial.
In the light of the above the response to question 11(b) falls

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I agree,
L. D. VAN WINSEN JUDGEi OF, APPEAL. /
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-N. LV*AMiy!flUL__ JUDGE OF APPEAL.



010009000003fc0200000000d702000000000400000003010800050000000b0200000000050000000c022d005a00030000001e000400000007010400d7020000410b2000cc0045008b00000000002c00590000000000280000008b000000450000000100010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffff00ffffffff07ffffc3ffffffffffffffffffe00101fffffffc03fffff0ffffffffffffffffffe00101fffffff871fffff87fffffffffffffffffe00000fffffff1f9fffffe1fffffffffffffffffe00101ffffffe3fcffffff0fffffffffffffffffe00101ffff1fc7fe7fffffc7ffffffffffffffffe00101fffc0f9ffe7fffffe1ffffffffffffffffe001fffff8071ffe7ffffff87fffffffffffffffe00101fff1cf3fff7ffffffc3fffffffffffffffe00101ffe3ce7fff7fffffff0fffffffffffffff800101ffe7ce7fff7fffffff83ffffffffffffff000101ffcfdc001f7fffffffe1ffffffffffffff000101ff9f9c000071fffffff87ffffffffffffe200101ff3f9c0300603ffffffe0ffffffffffffe6001fffe7f3ffffc001fffffff01fffffffffffc600101feff3ffffe0f0e0fffffc0fffffffffffce00001fcfe7ffffe1f8c0fffffe0fffffffffffce00101f9fcfffffc1fc047fffff9fffffffffffce00101fbfcfffffc1fe1c7fffffffffffffffff9e00101f3f9fffff83fe1c61ffffffffffffffff9e00101f7fbfffff9ffe3c00ffffffffffffffffbe001ffe7f3fffff3ffe3c007fffffffffffffff3e00101eff3fffff3ffe3c1e7fffffffffffffff3e00001efe7ffffe7ffe3c3e03e7fffffffffffe7e00101cfefffffcfffe3c7e01c3fffffffffffe7e00101dfcfffffcffff7cfe0003fffffffffffcfe001019f9fffff9fffffffe380007fffffffffcfe00101bf9fffff3fffffffe382000fffffffffcfe001ffbf3ffffe3fffffffc3860001ffffffff9fe00101bf3ffffc7fffffffe78407e0ffffffff9fe000003e7ffff8ffffffffffcc0ffcffffffff3fe001017e7ffff1fffffffffffc1ffc7fffffff3fe001017cff0fe7fffffffffffefffc77fffffe7fe001017cfc03cffffffffffffffffc43fffffc7fe0010179f8311ffffffffffffffffc19fffffcffe001ff79f1fc3ffffffffffffffffc19fffff8ffe0000173f3f83ffffffffffffffffc1cc3fff1ffe0010073f3e03ffffffffffffffff89c01fff3ffe0010167f0039ffffffffffffffff89c11ffe3ffe0010107f807cffffffffffffffff89c3987c7ffe001010ffc3feffffffffffffffff8dc3803c7ffe001011fffffe7fffffffffffffff9cc38018fffe001ff1fffffe7fffffffffffffff9e078601fffe000003ffffff7ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe001003ffffff3ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe001013ffffff3ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe001019ffffff3ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe001019ffffffbffffffffffffffffffffffffffe001019ffffffbffffffffffffffffffffffffffe001ffcffffffbffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00000cffffffbffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00100c7fffffbffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101e7fffffbffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101e3fffffbffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101f3fffff3ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101f3fffff3ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe001fff9fffff3ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00000f9fffff3ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101fcfffff3ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101fc7fffe7ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101fe7fffe7ffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101ff3fffcfffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101ff9fffcfffffffffffffffffffffffffffe001ffff8fff9fffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00000ffc7ff1fffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101ffe1fe3fffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101fff0607fffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101fff800ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101fffe03ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe00101040000002701ffff030000000000
I agree,

>v
V
B. A. DOYLE, JUDGE OF APPEAL.

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