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Botswana: Court of Appeal

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Ramphanana v The State (Criminal Appeal No. 9 of 1984 ) [1984] BWCA 17; [1984] B.L.R. 83 (CA) (23 May 1984)

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF BOTSWANA
Criminal Appeal No. 9 of 1984 Criminal Trial No. 1 of 1985""
In the matter of:
RANTHASI RAMPHANANA      Appellant
vs. THE STATE
Mr. J. Unterhalter, SC with him Mr. H. Dibotelo for the Appellant
Mr. R. J. Chakalisa for the State
JUDGMENT
CORAM: I. A. Maisels, JP
J. R. Dendy-Young, JA L. de van w'insen, JA
DENDY-YOUNG, JA:
Appellant was charged with, and convicted of, the crime of murder contrary to section 207 of the Penal Code (Cap 08:01), the allegation being that on the night of the 20th October, 1983 at Thamaga Village in the Kweneng Administrative District he murdered one MOTSEMELA TLALETSI.
Extenuating circumstances were found and a sentence of
10 years imprisonment was imposed.
He appeals to this Court against conviction and sentence. In this Court it is no longer contested by the appellant that he caused the death of the deceased. In the

2
pathologist's report on the post-mortem examination, the death of the deceased is attributed to asphyxia due to strangulation and this finding is now accepted by the defence. The only remaining issue is whether appellant acted with malice aforethought so as to constitute the crime of murder contrary to section 207.
According to the trial Judge's finding of fact (and these have not been contested before us) both appellant and deceased had attended a beer drink that evening. The quarrel developed between the appellant and the deceased and insulting words were used. Appellant wanted to attack deceased with his fists but was restrained by others at the party and deceased was advised to leave for home. This he did riding his cycle. A short time thereafter appellant left for home on his cycle. The homes of the appellant and the deceased lay in the same direction. Appellant had cooled down considerably by this time. A little later the witness MOSHE KEITSEMANG left the beer drink to make his way home. At a certain point the witness saw appellant who called him. Appellant was standing next to the body of deceased. Appellant told the witness that he had hit the deceased and that deceased was not waking up. Appellant appeared frightened. The witness said that deceased was lying on his back with his left leg on top of the cycle. Appellant's cycle was parked about 50 metres away. •i'he witness tried to arouse deceased but to no avail. This was about 10.30 p.m.

3
Next morning DETECTIVE SERGEANT NKOSANA of the Molepolole Police arrived at appellant's village. Appellant had been arrested by this time. Nkosana took apoellant to the spot where the deceased's dead body was lying. According to the Police evidence, the body was on its right side; there were some fresh injuries on the neck and on the lips. There was blood. No other wounds were apparent. At the site there were signs of a struggle - zigzag cycle marks for 30 metres and foot prints. Nkosana said that deceased was lying next to his cycle which was parked in the upright position. Appellant told the Sergeant that he had fought with the deceased and had hit him causing deceased to fall to the ground. Appellant also referred to provocation by deceased at the party.
In a statement to a Judicial Officer appellant said that his reason for wishing to make a statement was because what he had done was accidental. He went on to say that the deceased had hurled insults at him and thus enraging him and he tried to grab the deceased. Others present at the party prevented the fight. The deceased then took his cycle and left for home, later apoellant also took his cycle and left for home. Appellant said he caught up with deceased and the quarrel flared up sgain. he said the deceased repeated the insults and delivered a blow to the head and also hit him on the leg. In self-defence, said appellant, he hit deceased behind the ear with his fist and deceased fell down. Deceased did not w.ke up. Appellant tried to revive him but to no avail.

4
At the trial appellant gave evidence himself and called one witness. In his evidence appellant gave a somewhat similar account as that contained in his statement to the Judicial Officer. After failing to revive the deceased appellant went home to await the arrival of the police. In cross-examination appellant said that when he reached the deceased on his way home, the latter was standing and his bicycle was in an upright position on its stand. He said deceased grabbed his cycle as he tried to pass by.
That leaves the evidence of DR. MARAMREDDY, the pathologist, who conducted the post-mortem examination. The examination was carried out two days after death. External injuries consisted of abrasions on the lower lip and on J|e right side of the neck. As already stated on what Dr. Maramreddy said that death was due to asphyxia caused by strangulation. He found a number of typical asphyxial signs in certain internal organs of the body. The Doctor said that tho neck had been pressed to cause asphyxia; in his opinion an elbow might have been used on the neck. He found signs of haemorrhage which might have been caused by pressure around the neck tat that the pressure must have been of moderate force. Deceased was a tall well-built man. The Doctor thought that the deceased had been held from behind. The strangulation could have occurred in wrestling, but the deceased must have been held for two to five minutes. The Doctor noted that the upper lobe of the deceased*s lung was diseased and not functioning properly. This the Doctor said could have accelerated death.

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In his judgment the trial Judge found that appellant had caused the death of deceased. The Judge accepted that at the beer drink the appellant was the aggressor and that deceased had not resorted to violence. Further more the Judge rejected appellant's claim that deceased way-laid him on the road-way home. The Judge found that appellant had caught up with deceased, delivered the blow to the mouth and then caught the deceased around the neck in the crook of the arm thus causing the strangulation.
The trial Judge concluded his judgment with the following words:-
"I find that accused caused the death of deceased not in self-defence, not by accident, not in the course of a fight, but deliberately with malice aforethought."
In his heads of argument Counsel for the appellant attacked the Judge's finding that appellant in causing the death of the deceased had acted deliberately with malice aforethought. Counsel took this Court through the relevant deeming provisions and the definitions of "grievous harm" and "dangerous harm" in section 5 of the Penal Code.
Paraphrasing this provisions for the purpose of the instant case it was necessary, in my view, for the learned Judge to find that one of the following elements was present:-
(a)      an intention to kill;
(b)      the intention to do an act knowing that it endangered life (dangerous harm);
(c)      an intention to do an act knowing that it was likely to cause death.
(a)     

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(Hymn v P.P.P. (1974) All E.R. 41 (H.L.) - R v Cunningham (1981) 2 All E.R. 863 (H.L.) - State v Dladla 1980 (S.A, A.D.) )
In regard to (a) - an intention to kill - the trial Judge said in the course of his reasons for sentence:-
"You may not have intended to kill trts man, but definitely you did intend to do him grievous harm."
So the intention to kill was not proved. Unfortunately the trial Judge does not analyse the intention to do grievous harm.
It can be accepted that appellant did do dangerous harm to the deceased. The case could therefore possibly fall within categories (b) or (c) above provided that the appellant did the act knowing of the danger of life.
It is here where, in my opinion, the case for the Prosecution fails. It seems certain that there was a struggle at the site of the killing. This was the inference drawn by Detective Sergeant Nkosana from his observation at the scene and it was consistent with all the evidence. On the medical and police evidence the trial Judge found that appellant had caught up with deceased, delivered a blow to deceased's mouth and then caught him around the neck, holding him in the crook of his arm, thus causing the strangulation. This may well be what happened. But the question that remains is whether appellant realised the

7
danger to life in his actions. The deceased was a tall well
built man and the appellant was drunk. To the ordinary
the person, holding /neck in the crook of his arm is not, I
think, calculated to cause strangulation and at any rate I do
not think there was evidence of obvious danger to life.
In my opinion the inference that appellant knew of the danger of life in what he was doing could not be drawn with the necessary certainty. This is as fairly stated by Counsel for the State a borderline case.
I would therefore allow the appeal to the extent of setting aside the conviction for murder and would substitute therefor a verdict of manslaughter contrary to section 2Q5 of the Penal Code.
It remains for this Court to determine a proper
punishment. In the circumstances, I consider that a sentence
of 5 years imprisonment to date from the date of appellant's
arrest would fit the circumstances.      *
At the conclusion of the hearing of the appeal this Court announced that the appeal would be allowed to the extent of setting aside the conviction for murder and substituting a verdict of manslaugher contrary to section 205 of the Penal Code. The sentence of 10 years imprisonment was varied to read 5 years imprisonment with effect from the date of arrest i.e. 28th October, 1983.
GIVEN at the Court of Appeal, Lobatse this 23rd day of

8.
May, 1984.
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J. R. DENDY-YOUNG Judge of Appeal
/i^*——^

I agree
I. A. MAISELS Judge President


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I agree
L. DE VAN WINSEN Judge of Appela

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